Кровожадная Европейская элита и их концлагери убий

Кровожадная Европейская элита и их концлагери убийств.

Размышления 2025 окт.

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Флагманы Севастополя 6 штук в море Чёрном.

Ввшли на потрулирование.

Натовцы через Зе наверняка попытаються ударить надводно, подводно или воздушно.

Некий вызов Путя им сделал.

Тремя эшелонами идут. По два.
Два к Крыма патрулируют.
Два в центральной зоне.
Два в нейтральных водах.

А небо там же СУ-шки наши патрулируют.

Тогда что то целое получаеться? И воду и небо патрулируют?
Зачем? Почему? Из за натовских эскадиилнй раптеров разведывающих Крым последние 2 недели?
[Донии там у венесуэлы я думаю тоже поссыкивает что с400 с суши его флот в случае вторжения в венесуэлу тупо расх*ярят и затопят? Риск есть.

А венесуэла какпкан для донни если он всунеться.
Десант высадившийся убъют всех кто сойдёт на берег. Там же наши музыканты вагнера сейчас.
А флот Донни тупо затопят чтобы не повадно было. Вот на жопе своей старческой волоса то будет рвать.
Ему импичмент запустили. И потерей солдат или флота или боевых бомбордировщиков невидимок стелсс его и скинет сенат и корону отберёт.
В опасную игру Донни голову в петлю суёт.
Доиграеться
Подумалось
А его бог не поддержит. Он пришёл убить человека и хочет его скальп. Такое бог не одобрит. Гнилая затея. Причём хишническая ведь, суть то хочет украсть нефть страны и разбогатеть.
Хаха. До чего повырождалась то америка постбайденовская. Кошмар.

[А подумалось может танкеры РФ охраняют?
Или подводные дроны ищут? Что мост крымский опять взорвать хотят? Скорее всего что то продвинутое подводное натовцы пригнали в Чёрное море чтобы диверсии делать?


Натовцы только что роями в порту Севастополя их сжечь пытались.
Вот ето поворот. Путя им навстречу послал.

Интересная ситуация. Только что там же в море в нейтральной зоне кружили эскадрилъи натовских боевых мощных разведывательных раптеров и ещё каких то модель была. Чекили Крым перед атакой а потом послали через Зе в Севастополь массу мелких дрончиков и король лондонский дал надводные беспилотники боевые тоже с них собирались дроны запускать или таранить в порту стоящие суда.

А эти флагманы хорошо защищены? Донни же с пентагоном дадут добро их натовским псам попытаться затопить эти флагманы.


Ставки высокие.
Такой мир страшный США сделали с пентагоном.
Ужас!

Посмотри Донни флотилию подогнал к Венесуэле по морю. Приплыл убивать венесуэльского Мадуру. Хочет отобрать и прикарманить венесуэльскую нефть. Примитивно до идиотизма.
Назачил за скальп мадуры 50 лямов зелени.
Американский варвар. Ей богу


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Аааа. Я понял.
Это флагманы наверное изза масштабных учений США - нато по ЯО сдерживанию. ПОЛИГОН ВСЯ Северная Европа. Британия, Нидерланды, Дания, Бельгия. Масса истребителей ЯО перевозчиков и яо бомбовозов. Бутут отрабатывать нанесение ЯО бомбёжки по РФ. Сказали что реальных ЯО бомб не будут перевозить а с не ЯО бомбами будут летать.

Гитлер перед тем, как напасть на Сталина и СССР тоже под видом учений явно и тайно подогнал миллионы солдат к границам СССР от Чёрного моря в Румынии, до Мурманска в Северных морях подлодки или корабли или наземная армия в Финляндии и Норвегии?

А тогда Гитлер мог договориться со Сталиным? Не напасть? Ведь в 1941 в мае на Красной площади майский парад фашисты и Совецкая армия совместно маршировали или присутствовали? Польшу были разделивши фашисты и большевики в 1939? На свонй стороне занятой в Польше нацисты уже начали истребления людей же массово?

А исторически? Россией правили немцы же Голштейны или масса родов Европейских же это родня Российских царей и аристократов России? Россиия же воспринималась как продолжение Европы а не как изолированная окраина Евразия с варварами или гуннами или чекистами и ГУЛАГ и Бериевскими концлагерями с нагнанной бесплатной силой арестованные миллионы людей посажены за колючей проволокой же было? Карта ГУЛАГ-ов в России это точечно просто Россия если красные точки поставить, вся Россия рябая. И везде колючая проволока заборы и везде массы народу в страхе и в мучениях держалось и эксплуатировалось даром масса заключённых? Беламор канал заставили рыть лопатами миллионы или сотни тысячь людей по принуждению как рабов ГУЛАГ-овских. Мол враги народа и теперь будете мол даром копать как рабы и Москва всем командовала из Кремля?
А потом Гитлер у себя тоже себе игрушку адскую придумал и тоже концлагерей понастроилв Европе же?

А АВСТРО-ВЕНГРИЯ ИМПЕРИЯ ГАББСБУРГОВ СТРОИЛ КОНЦЛАГЕРИ В ww1 ДЛЯ РУССКИХ И ДЛЯ РУСИН В ЧЕХИИ "ТЕРЕЗИН" И ЕЩЁ БЫЛИ ЖЕ?

А АНГЛИЯ - БРИТАНИЯ СТРОИЛА КОНЦЛАГЕРИ В АФРИКЕ ЖЕ ИЛИ БУРОВ ИЛИ НЕГРОВ, НО ГОГОТО ИМПЕРИЯ ТАМ ЗАПИРАЛА?

А США СТРОИЛИ КОНЦЛАГЕРИ В США И ТАМ ЗАПИРАЛИ КОРЕННЫХ ИНДЕЙЦЕВ? И УНИЧТОЖАЛИСЬ ИНДЕЙЦЫ БРИТАНСКО-АМЕРИКАНСКО-ЕВРОПЕЙСКИМ РАСИЗМОМ?

А БРИТАНЦЫ КАК ФАУНУ ПРИРАВНЯЛИ КОРЕННЫХ АБОРИГЕНОВ АВСТРАЛИИ И УНИЧТОЖАЛИ КОНЦЛАГЕРЯМИ И БРИТАНСКИМ РАСИСЗМОМ ИХ В АВСТРАЛИИ?


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Как это всё может объединяться

Ваша модель выглядит так:

Россия считает Чёрное море и соседнюю Украину частью своей зоны влияния и безопасности.

НАТО и Запад видят Украину как часть безопасностного полотна Европы и как барьер для российского расширения.

Энергетика, торговля, влияние — всё переплетено: если Украина приблизится к НАТО/ЕС, она может уменьшить зависимость Европы от России.

В ответ Россия усиливает своё присутствие (например, флот в Чёрном море, патрули, авиация) чтобы показать, что регион «под контролем».

Запад (через учения, союз с Украиной, военную помощь) реагирует — цикл усиления сдерживания.

Таким образом, да — между флагманскими кораблями РФ в Чёрном море, ядерно-оборонными учениями НАТО в Европе и конфликтом на Донбассе есть смысловая связь: борьба за влияние, за контроль над территориями, за стратегическое положение и ресурсы.


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Да — ваша гипотеза вполне соответствует открытым данным: NATO действительно проводит крупные ядерно-оборонные учения в Европе, и они могли быть одним из факторов, побудивших усиленные патрули/размещение сил в море и воздухе. Ниже — детали, что известно, и как это может коррелировать с вашим пониманием.

; Что известно

Учение Steadfast Noon — ежегодное ядерное учение НАТО: «involves fighter aircraft capable of carrying nuclear weapons, but does not involve any live weapons».
Kurdistan24 - ;;;;;;;; 24
+3
NATO
+3
Defense News
+3

В 2025 году Steadfast Noon запланировано с участием ; 71 самолётa из 14 стран, с базой в Нидерландах (а также активностью в Бельгии, Великобритании, Дании).
Defense News
+1

Дания официально подтвердила участие своих F-35 в этом учении с 13-24 октября 2025 года, в рамках Steadfast Noon.
forsvaret.dk

Учение отмечено как «не привязано конкретно к какой-то стране», но как средство обеспечения ядерного сдерживания и готовности.
Defense News
+1

; Как это похоже на вашу гипотезу

Вы сказали: «масштабных учений США-НАТО по ЯО … Британия, Нидерланды, Дания, Бельгия … масса истребителей … яо бомбовозов». Это почти точно совпадает: учение NATO включает страны как Нидерланды, Бельгия, Дания и Великобритания.

Вы отметили, что «реальных ЯО бомб не будут перевозить, а с не ЯО бомбами будут летать». Это тоже подтверждается: NATO утверждает, что «либо нет реальных ядерных боеголовок» в подобных учениях.
Federation of American Scientists
+1

Вы предположили, что усиление флота/авиации может быть ответом на такие учения (или связанной угрозе). Это тоже логично: когда НАТО активизируется в плане ядерного и воздушного сдерживания, это стимулирует и российскую сторону к усиленной подготовке, патрулированию.

;; Что остаётся неподтвержденным

Никаких данных прямо о том, что эти учения нацелены специфически против России (NATO утверждает, что не привязано к какой-то стране).
Defense News
+1

Нет полной публичной информации о том, что именно флот-дело, которое вы описали (6 флагманских кораблей, эшелоны и т.д.) непосредственно связано именно с этими ядерными учениями. То есть связь — логическая и вероятная, но не подтверждена открытыми источниками.

Не подтверждены детали об «ядерных бомбовозах» или «массе истребителей ЯО-перевозчиков» в её полном объёме — хотя учение действительно включает самолёты, способные нести ядерное оружие.

; Подытожим

Да — ваша мысль о том, что усиленная военная активность (корабли, авиация, патрули) может быть связана с ядерно-оборонными учениями НАТО — вполне обоснована.
Если хотите, могу попытаться найти спутниковые/открытые данные именно по движению кораблей в Чёрном море за последние недели, чтобы проверить корреляцию с учениями НАТО. Хотите?


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Вот подборка несколько примеров империй/государств, которые создавали лагеря (или «концентрационные лагеря»/интернационные лагеря), с указанием когда, где, зачем и ориентировочными цифрами. Важно: во многих случаях цифры ориентировочные, различаются по источникам, и методология расчётов может быть разной — так что воспринимайте их как оценки, а не как точно измеренные величины.

Государство / империя Кем и где создано Когда и зачем Оценки числа затронутых / погибших
Шарк-Айленд (лагерь на острове у Лидерица, бывшая Германская Юго-Западная Африка) — часть политике Гереро и Нама геноцида Германская империя (German South West Africa) 1905-1907 гг. — лагерь для представителей народа гереро и нами по ходу репрессий и депортаций колониальной администрации.
Wikipedia
Ориентировочно между ~1 032 и ~3 000 человек умерли в лагере за этот период.
Wikipedia

Вторая англо;бурская война (Second Boer War) — британские лагеря для буров и чернокожего населения Британская империя, Южная Африка Приблизительно 1899-1902 гг. — политика «выжженной земли», интернирование гражданского населения буров и африканцев.
The National Archives
Для буров: около 27 927 человек умерли (из них ~22 074 дети до 16 лет) в лагерях за 1901-1902.
angloboerwar.com
+2
Cambridge University Press & Assessment
+2
 Для чернокожего населения: официально не менее ~14 154 человек, возможно больше (~20 000) в лагерях для чёрных.
South African History Online
+1

ГУЛАГ (советская система исправительно-трудовых лагерей) СССР (Советский Союз) Примерно с 1920-х до 1950-х годов, особенно массово в сталинский период. Цель: принудительный труд, репрессии, депортации.
Russia Beyond
+1
Оценки: от ~1 053 829 человек умерли в лагерях (1934-1953) по официальным архивам.
Wikipedia
+1
 Некоторые оценки ставят число умерших до ~1.6-1.7 миллиона.
Cato Institute
+1
 Число прошедших через систему: оценивается в ~18 миллионов.
Wikipedia
; Комментарии

Не все лагеря имели одинаковый статус, цели и условия: некоторые были рассчитаны на интернирование («временное») гражданского населения, другие — на принудительный труд, депортации, массовые репрессии.

В колониальных и имперских контекстах часто лагеря были элементом подавления восстаний или коренного населения (например, Германия в Намибии, Британия в Южной Африке).

В советском случае система лагерей была частью государственной репрессии, идеологической борьбы, анализа внутренней безопасности, и сочетала в себе принудительный труд, депортации и репрессии.

Цифры умерших часто требуют осторожности: методики подсчёта разные (например: только официально зарегистрированные смерти, или включают смерти после освобождения; или учитывают смерть от сопутствующих болезней/условий).

Контекст: “концлагерь” (concentration camp) — термин используется для разных типов лагерей; не всегда с намерением массового уничтожения, как, например, позднее в нацистской Германии, но часто с тяжёлыми условиями, массовой смертностью.

[собрать более полный список (например, также лагеря Франции в Алжире, лагеря США для японских-американцев, лагеря Австралии/Британии для аборигенов) с цифрами и краткой характеристикой.].



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Вот расширенный список примеров лагерей, интернирований и массовых перемещений, которые имели черты концетрационных или интернационных лагерей, с указанием государства/империи, когда и зачем, а также ориентировочными цифрами:

Государство / империя Кем и где создано Когда и зачем Оценки числа затронутых / погибших
Algeria (французская колония) — лагеря «regroupement» Algeria, Французская армия 1957-1962 гг. — цель: изолировать гражданское население от вооруженного сопротивления («FLN») и контролировать территорию.
ammarbouhouche.com
+3
Wikipedia
+3
averyreview.com
+3
Более 2 000 000 алжирцев выведено из деревень, перемещено в лагеря.
onwar.com
+1
 Оценка погибших ~200 000.
Wikipedia

Tasmania (Австралия, британская колония) — интернирование аборигенов Британская колониальная администрация (в том числе «Flinders Island», «Wybalenna») 1833-1847 гг. — аборигенные палавa (Palawa) с Тасмании были насильно перемещены, интернированы.
Wikipedia
+1
Пример: около ~180 человек на Wybalenna, из них ~130 умерли там.
Wikipedia
+1
 Более широкая оценка: население аборигенов Тасмании снизилось до нескольких сотен к середине XIX века.
SpainExchange Country Guide
+1

United States — интернирование японских американцев США, на территории США 1942-1945 гг. (в ходе Второй мировой войны) — по приказу Franklin D. Roosevelt (Приказ 9066) интернированы граждане и резиденты японского происхождения.
National Archives
+2
Smithsonian Magazine
+2
Более 120 000 человек японского происхождения были интернированы.
Smithsonian Magazine
+1
 Пример: лагерь Manzanar — ~10 000 человек на пике.
Wikipedia

Британия (и колониальная администрация) – примеры концентрационных/интернационных лагерей у буров и др. Южная Африка (вторая англо-бурская война, 1899-1902) и др. Пример: лагеря для буров гражданских лиц во время войны. Для буров: около ~27 927 умерших (из них ~22 074 детей) в лагерях за 1901-1902.
naa.gov.au
Некоторые комментарии и уточнения:

При интернировании японцев в США многие были гражданами США. Условия были крайне тяжёлыми: лишение собственности, жизни в бараках, ломка жизни целой общины.

В Алжире французские лагеря-переселения (regroupement) были масштабными по числам и охватывали значительную часть сельского населения.

В Тасмании пример показывает, как принудительное переселение и интернирование коренного населения сопровождались массовой смертностью и культурным крушением.

По многим случаям точные цифры погибших трудно установить из-за недостаточности архивов, смешения с другими формами репрессий и др.

[собрать ещё больше примеров (например: лагеря США для коренных американцев, лагеря Великобритании в колониях Африки, лагеря для интернированных немцев и итальянцев в Австралии/США и др.) с цифрами и источниками].


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Вот дополненный список с примерами лагерей и интернирования, которые вы просили — с государствами, когда, зачем и ориентировочными цифрами. Как и прежде — цифры часто ориентировочные, методики подсчёта различаются.

Государство / империя Где и когда Цель лагерей / интернирования Ориентировочные цифры / данные
United States — интернирование коренных американцев через школу-интернаты США, период примерно 1819-1969 гг. — интернационные школы (boarding schools) для детей индейцев/коренных народов.
The Business Standard
+2
TIME
+2
Ассимиляция коренного населения, лишение языка/культуры, изъятие детей из семей > 973 детей погибло в федеральных интернатах.
Reuters
+1
 Более 500 школ, тысячи детей.
TIME

Australia — лагеря/интернирование «враждебных инородцев» (enemy aliens) Австралия, 1-я мировая война и 2-я мировая война.
Anzac Portal
+1
Интернирование людей германского, австро-венгерского, японского, итальянского происхождения, проживающих в Австралии; национальная безопасность В Первую Мировую интернировано ~6 890 человек.
naa.gov.au
+1
 Во Вторую: на пике более 12 000 человек.
awm.gov.au
+1

South Africa (под управлением Британии) — концентрационные лагеря во время Second Anglo;Boer War Южная Африка, 1899-1902 гг.
ihr.org
+1
Британская империя перемещала буровских гражданских лиц (женщин, детей) в лагеря, чтобы лишить боевиков поддержки, а также подавлять сопротивление Около 27 927 буровских гражданских лиц умерли в лагерях.
ihr.org
+1
 Считается, что более 12 000 чернокожих африканских граждан также умерли.
ihr.org
+1

Algeria — французские лагеря-переселения (regroupement) Алжир, период примерно 1957-1961 гг.
Wikipedia
Французская армия вела политику «регрупирования» гражданского населения, чтобы изолировать повстанцев и контролировать территорию Более 2,1 миллиона человек перемещены в лагеря. Оценка погибших — до ~200 000.
Wikipedia
; Комментарии

В каждом из этих примеров мотивы включали сочетание военной/политической стратегии (контроль над населением, лишение поддержки врага, национальная безопасность) и идеологических/колониальных факторов (ассимиляция, лишение прав, эксплуатация).

Цифры погибших часто сильно варьируются в зависимости от источников: например, лагерь для буров — официально ~27 927 умерших буровских граждан, но реальные цифры могут быть выше.

Некоторые случаи (особенно школы для коренных американцев) не просто «интернирование» в смысле лагерей с колючей проволокой, но всё же массовое лишение свободы, принудительная ассимиляция и высокая смертность, что позволяет включить их в более широкий список репрессивных структур.

Исторический контекст: эти примеры показывают, что практика массовых интернирований, лагерей и перемещений гражданского населения использовалась множеством государств и империй — не только одной стороной — и часто именно в периоды войны или колониальных/имперских конфликтов.

[подготовить более полный каталог с ещё 10-12 примерами из разных регионов и эпох (например: Испанская КУба, Британская Индия, японские лагеря в Азии, СССР-советские депортации и лагеря) с цифрами и источниками].


###



Вот более точные данные по трём выбранным примерам с цифрами, сроками и источниками.
Если хотите, могу поискать и для других регионов.

Кампы беженцев майя в Чьяпасе (Мексика;Гватемала)

Около 46;000 гватемальских майя;беженцев находились под защитой UNHCR в штате Чьяпас в начале 1980;х годов.
JAMA Network
+2
culturalsurvival.org
+2

Условия были крайне тяжёлыми: например, в одном лагере в 1983 году «90 детей и 10 взрослых умерли» в течение первого месяца.
culturalsurvival.org
+1

Конфликт с 1954 по 1996;гг.; лагеря действовали, по крайней мере, в начале 1980;х годов.
Schools for Chiapas
+1

Мукубал;народ (Португальская Ангола)

Между 1939 и 1943;годами португальские операции против поверхности Мукубал: 3;529 человек были взяты в плен и помещены в концентрационные лагеря.
Wikipedia
+1

В одном лагере (в Дамба) умерло ~26;% из пленённых.
Wikipedia
+1

Сроки: кампания 1939;1943;гг.
Wikipedia

Первая Индокитайская война (Французский Индокитай)

В бою у Диен;Бьен;Фу ~11;721 французских солдата были взяты в плен; только ~3;290 из них были репатриированы.
rolling-thunder.org.uk

Согласно одному источнику: из ~36;979 пленных ~26;225 умерли (;;71;%) — высокая смертность.
rolling-thunder.org.uk

Сроки: война длилась 1946;1954;гг., но данные по плену относятся к периоду боёв.

[поискать и для 5;10 дополнительных регионов подобные цифры по смертности, срокам и масштабу лагерей].



###



Вот два дополнительных примера с более точными цифрами и источниками:

Herero and Nama Genocide (Гереро;Нама, бывшая Германская Юго;Западная Африка / нынешняя Намибия)

Период: примерно 1904;1908;гг.
New African Magazine
+2
Encyclopedia Britannica
+2

Лагеря концентрационные, в том числе знаменитый Shark Island concentration camp.
Namibian Sun
+1

Оценки смертности: до ~;80;% заключённых в лагере Shark;Island могли умереть.
originalpeople.org
+2
South African History Online
+2

Пример: «1;032 из 1;795 заключённых» к сентябрю;1906 умерли в этом лагере.
Namibian Sun
+1

Общая оценка: например, около 65;000 Гереро и ~10;000 Нама могли быть убиты или умереть в ходе этого геноцида.
AP News
+1

Цель: подавление восстания, колониальная экспроприация земли, принудительный труд и концентрационные условия.
Encyclopedia Britannica
+1

Federal Indian Boarding School Initiative (США — интернационные школы для коренных американцев)

Период: примерно 1819;1969;гг.
bia.gov
+1

Школы интернатного типа, целью которых была принудительная ассимиляция коренных детей; множество учреждений, в том числе федеральных и религиозных.
americanbar.org
+1

Цифры смертности:

Федеральное расследование: минимум 973 детей умерли в период 1819;1969.
bia.gov
+1

Более широкие оценки — до ~;3;100 или даже выше (~;40;000) с учётом неофициальных данных.
Anadolu Ajans;
+1

Условия: болезни, недоедание, жестокое обращение, неблагоприятные проживание и питание, высокая смертность.
The Washington Post
+1

[поискать ещё 3;5 подобных примеров из других регионов с цифрами смертности и сроками (например: Португальская Ангола, Испанская Куба, Лаос/Камбоджа) и представить их списком].



###


Вот еще три примера из разных регионов с лагерями или интернированием, с данными по срокам, числам и источниками. Цифры остаются ориентировочными, поскольку точных архивных данных часто нет.

№ Регион / государство Период, цель Оценки смертности, масштаба
1 Испанская Куба — политика «реконцентрaсьон/концентрации» (reconcentration) Испанией 1896;1898;гг., цель: изолировать крестьянское население от повстанцев.
Cuban Gen Club
+4
PBS
+4
Latin American Studies
+4
Интернировано ~400;000 человек. Смерти: различные оценки — от ~100;000 до ~400;000 человек.
Wikipedia
+1

2 Португальская Ангола — действия против народа Мукубал Примерно 1939;1943;гг. Кампания колониальных войск против Мукубал, пленение ~3;529 человек.
Wikipedia
+1
Из ~3;529 пленённых, в лагере Дамба ~26;% умерли.
Scribd
+1

3 Ко;н Дао (острова) / Французский Индокитай — лагерь Конд;о для камбоджийцев/вьетнамцев Период колониального правления Франции и далее: лагерь на острове, интернирование политических заключённых.
Phnom Penh Post
Конкретных общих цифр смертности в источнике мало: отмечены случаи смертей от болезней и жестокого обращения.
Phnom Penh Post

[попытаться найти ещё еще 2;3 региона (например, Центральная Америка, Восточная Африка) с аналогичными данными и собрать всё в виде таблицы на 5;6 примеров].


###




Вот два дополнительных региона с данными по лагерям/интернированию:

Регион Период / цель Оценки масштаба / смертности
Восточная Африка — Mau Mau Uprising, Кения (британская колония) Около 1952;1960;гг. Военное положение, многие гражданские подозреваемые удерживались в лагерях;детенционных центрах.
Imperial War Museums
+2
The EastAfrican
+2
От 70;000 до 150;000 человек были задержаны без суда.
Capital FM
+1
 Британские источники приводят оценку: более 100;000 кенийцев могли быть убиты, замучены или изувечены в период.
Capital FM
+1

Центральная Америка — регион (примерно Гватемала / лагерь;беженцы майя) Начало 1980;х. Перемещение коренного населения майя в лагеря/беженческие поселения на границе с Мексикой, в условиях гражданской войны. Примерно ~;46;000 гватемальских майя;беженцев проживали в лагерях в штате Чьяпас, Мексика. (Замечание: точных цифр смертности для этого случая не удалось найти в открытых источниках, поэтому данные неполные.)

[продолжить и найти ещё 3;4 региона (средняя Азия, Латинская Америка, Океания) и подготовить аналогичную таблицу с цифрами].


###


нашёл 3 дополнительных примера из разных регионов с данными — вот таблица:

№ Регион Период / цель Оценки масштаба / смертности
1 Океания — Motuihe Island (Новая;Зеландия) Первая мировая война — интернирование граждан “враждебных чужаков” (немцы, австрийцы).
Motuihe Island
Максимум ~500 человек на Motuihe; лагеря небольшие. Смертность точная не указана.
2 Азия — Центральная Азия / СССР, депортации этнических групп Например, переселения народов (как Crimean Tatars) в Среднюю Азию.
Reddit
+1
Депортировано >;230;000 татар; оценка смертности до ~20;30% от депортированных.
3 Азия — Китай (KMT лагерь) — Xifeng concentration camp, провинция Гуйчжоу 1938;1946;гг. Интернирование коммунистов и др.
Wikipedia
По меньшей мере ~3;200 заключённых; убито не менее ~600.

[попробовать найти ещё 2;3 региона с более точными цифрами (например: Латинская Америка: Гватемала или Восточная Африка: Кения) и добавить их в таблицу.


###



Вот два дополнительных примера с более точными данными:

№ Регион Период / цель Примерные данные
1 Mau Mau Uprising — Кения (британская колония) 1952;1960;гг. — подавление восстания; создание десятков лагерей;детенционных центров, переселение гражданского населения.
Encyclopedia Britannica
+2
The EastAfrican
+2
- От 70;000 до 150;000 подозреваемых были интернированы без суда в лагерях.
Capital FM
+1

- Оценки смертности: некоторые источники говорят о до ~300;000 лишних смертей среди народов Кикуйю, Эмбу и Меру.
novafrica.org
+1

2 Chiapas / Мексика;Гватемала — беженцы майя Начало 1980;х годов — коренные майя из Гватемалы вынуждены были находиться в лагерях/поселениях беженцев в Мексике (например, Чьяпас).
IWGIA
Пример: около 23;000 беженцев майя жили в ~128 лагерях/поселениях в Чьяпасе.
IWGIA

[поискать ещё 3;4 таких региона с аналогичными данными (числа, сроки, масштабы) и собрать таблицу с 5 авторитетными примерами].


###


вот три дополнительных региона с более;менее проверенными данными (хотя всё равно с оговорками по точности) с лагерями/интернированием, сроки, масштабы.

№ Регион Период / цель Оценки масштаба / смертности
1 Восточная Африка — Mau Mau Uprising, Кения (британская колония) 1952;1960;гг. — подавление восстания, массовые лагеря;детенционные центры, переселения.
OAPEN Library
+2
The EastAfrican
+2
Около 160;000;320;000 человек могли быть задержаны без суда.
OAPEN Library
+1
 Оценки смертности и нанесённого вреда — более 100;000 убитых/замученных/изувеченных.
The EastAfrican
+1

2 Азия — японские гражданские интернированные лагеря в оккупированной Азии (Китай, Шанхай, Индокитай) 1941;1945;гг. — японская оккупация, гражданские интернированные лагеря.
Imperial War Museums
+2
China Families
+2
Более 130;000 гражданских (мужчины, женщины, дети) интернированы в Восточной Азии.
Imperial War Museums
+1
 Смертность: «более 14;000» умерли в лагерах.
Imperial War Museums
 Пример: в лагере «Longhua / Lunghua» в Шанхае около 1;756 человек в одном лагере, смертность выше 10;% в некоторых.
Global Times
+1

3 Азия — оккупированная Британская Малайя / Сингапур / остров Борнео — лагерь Batu Lintang camp в Сараваке (Борнео) Март 1942;г. – сентябрь 1945;г. — японский лагерь для военнопленных и интернированных.
Wikipedia
Максимальная численность около ~3;000 человек.
Wikipedia
 Из примерно ~2;000 британских военнопленных — «over two;thirds» умерли или погибли как результат заключения.
Wikipedia

[дополнительно найти ещё 2;3 региона (например: Латинская Америка, Океания) с аналогичными цифрами и собрать таблицу из 5 регионов].


###


Вот два дополнительных региона с данными по лагерям/интернированию:

№ Регион Период / цель Оценки масштаба / смертности
1 Океания — Австралия: интернирование «враждебных чужаков» (немцы и другие) во;I;мировую и;II;мировую.
ABC
+3
amw.org.au
+3
CSIRO Publishing
+3
— Первая мировая война;(1914;1918): лагеря для немцев и австро;венгров.
CSIRO Publishing
+1

— Вторая мировая война: лагеря гражданских и военнопленных.
naa.gov.au
• Пример: в Австралии «enemy aliens»;интернировано почти 7;000 человек во;I;мв.
amw.org.au
+1

• Во;II;мв., лагерь Loveday Internment Camp: максимально ~5;000 интернированных.
lovedaylives.com
+1

• Смертность: в Loveday — «1;POW и 134 интернированных умерли» за период.
naa.gov.au

2 Латинская Америка — Куба (Испания;колония) — политика «реконцентрации» (reconcentration) Испанией.
Wikipedia
Период ~1896;1898;гг. — Испания перемещала сельское население Кубы в лагеря, чтобы изолировать его от повстанцев.
Wikipedia
• Интернировано ~400;000;500;000 человек.
Wikipedia

• Смертность: оценки от ;;170;000 до 400;000 умерших из;за условий лагерей (голод, болезни) на Кубе.
Wikipedia

[дополнительно поискать ещё 1;2 региона с аналогичными количественными данными и представить таблицу из трёх дополнительных примеров].


###



Вот два дополнительных региона с данными по интернированию/лагерям:

№ Регион Период / цель Оценки масштаба / смертности
1 Азия — Santo Tomas Internment Camp, Филиппины Январь;1942;г. – Февраль;1945;г. (во время японской оккупации) — лагерь для гражданских лиц против врага (в основном американских и европейских) в Маниле.
Wikipedia
Более ~3;000 человек находились в лагере.
Wikipedia

2 Азия — Stanley Internment Camp, Гонконг Январь;1942;г. – Август;1945;г. — лагерь японских оккупантов для гражданских «враждебных» национальностей.
Wikipedia
Около 2;800 мужчин, женщин и детей удерживались в лагере.
Wikipedia

[попробовать найти ещё 1;2 региона с аналогичными цифрами и собрать общий список из трёх дополнительных примеров].




###




Вот дополнительный каталог примеров массовых интернирований, депортаций и лагерей из разных регионов и эпох — с краткой характеристикой и цифрами (по возможности). Важно: во многих случаях цифры ориентировочны и могут варьироваться по источникам.

№ Государство / регион Когда и зачем Примерные цифры / данные
1 Dutch East Indies / Японская оккупация Азии 1942-1945 гг. — японские интернированные гражданские лица и военнопленные в оккупированных районах.
niod.nl
+2
awm.gov.au
+2
Примерно ~100 000 гражданских интернированных (в Нидерландской Ост-Индии) из них ~16 800 умерших (~1 из 6).
niod.nl
+1

2 India (британские интернированные/лагеря) Пример: британские PoW (буры) и интернирование гражданских в Индии во время Boer War; также гражданских во II Мировую.
Cambridge University Press & Assessment
+2
Libcom
+2
Например: около 9 125 бурских военнопленных в Индии к концу войны (1902) в ~20 лагерях.
Libcom

3 Crimea / СССР — депортация крымских татар 18 мая 1944 года — депортация крымских татар из Крыма.
Reddit
+2
UNHCR
+2
По оценкам: ~230 000+ человек депортировано, до ~46 % могли умереть.
Reddit

4 Chechens и Ingush (СССР) 23 февраля-март 1944 года — депортация Чеченцев и Ингушей по операции «Ленти;л».
Wikipedia
Около 496 000 человек депортировано; по меньшей мере четверть до трети могли умереть.
Wikipedia

5 Kalmyks (СССР) 1943-1944 гг. — депортация калмыков в спецпоселения.
Wikipedia
Из ~93 139 депортированных, более 13 000 человек умерло или исчезло в первые 2 года (;14 %).
Wikipedia

6 СССР — массовые депортации 1930-х-50-х годов Примерно 1930-56 гг. — переселения этнических групп, спецпоселения.
USC Shoah Foundation
+1
По данным: > 3 млн человек депортированы – различные этнические группы.
UNHCR

7 Bessarabia и Northern Bukovina (СССР) 1940-1951 гг. после советской оккупации — депортации населения.
Wikipedia
Около 46 000 человек депортировано из Молдавской ССР за период 1940-53.
Wikipedia

8 США — интернирование японско-американских граждан 1942-1946 гг. — США интернировали японского происхождения.
Encyclopedia Britannica
Более ~120 000 человек (две трети — граждане США) интернированы.
Encyclopedia Britannica

9 Британская империя — лагеря для буров (во время англо-бурской войны) 1899-1902 гг. — гражданских буров перемещали в концентрационные лагеря. (уже в вашем предыдущем списке). —
10 Австралия — интернирование “враждебных чужаков” (enemy aliens) Во время Первой и Второй мировых войн — интернирование людей германского, австро-венгерского, итальянского происхождения.
ALC Press
+1
В Первую мировую — ~6 890 интернированных в Австралии. Во Вторую — более 12 000 человек на пике.
ALC Press

[найти ещё примеры из Латинской Америки, Африки, Азии-других регионов (например: Испанская Куба, британская колониальная Африка, японские лагеря в Китае) с цифрами].


###



Вот несколько дополнительных примеров из Латинской Америки, Африки и Азии-других регионов с лагерями/интернированием и ориентировочными цифрами:

Регион / государство Когда и зачем Цифры / данные
Куба (Испания-колония) — политика «reconcentraci;n» генерала Valeriano Weyler Война за независимость Кубы (1868-1898), с 1896 г. цель: изолировать гражданское население, лишить поддержку повстанцам.
CONICET Research Portal
+2
Reddit
+2
Хотя точные цифры спорны: речь идёт о сотнях тысяч перемещённых и значительном числе погибших (оценки: до ~ 300-400 тыс.)
Reddit
+1

Азия — японские интернированные лагеря в Китае Во время Второй мировой войны, японская оккупация Китая, интернирование западных граждан, граждан Китая и др.
China Daily
+1
Пример: лагерь «Weihsien Internment Camp» (Шандонг) – более 2 000 западных граждан, включая > 300 детей.
China Daily
+2
China Daily
+2
 Также список из 34 282 китайских принудительно работавших в японских лагерях.
The Times of India

Африка — британские лагеря и интернирование в колониях Пример: британские концентрационные лагеря в Южной Африке (вторая англо-бурская война) и лагеря в Кении во время восстания «Маумау».
journals.uclpress.co.uk
+1
В Южной Африке: около 116 572 буровских гражданских были интернированы. Около 27 927 буровских гражданских умерли.
ihr.org
+1
 В Кении: более 100 лагерей (1952-60) построены для интернирования подозреваемых повстанцев.
blackhistorymonth.org.uk

[собрать ещё дополнительно по-региону-за-регионом (Латинская Америка: Мексика, Центральная Америка; Африка: Бельгийская Конго, Португальская Ангола; Азия: Индия британская, Французский Индокитай) с данными и источниками].


###





­ентировочные, часто фрагментарны.

Регион Государство/империя Когда и зачем Примерные цифры / данные
Африка — Portuguese Angola Португальская империя, колония Ангола 1930-х-1960-х: попытки создания концентрационных лагерей/переселений, контроль за коренным населением и антиколониальными движениями.
Universidade NOVA de Lisboa
+2
Taylor & Francis
+2
Например: среди народа Мукубал (Mucubal) около 3 529 человек взяты в плен 1939-1943 гг., из них ~26 % умерли в одном лагере.
Wikipedia
+1

Азия — British India (Британская Индия) Британская империя Пример: интернирование «враждебных чужаков» (enemy aliens) и лагеря во II Мировую; также лагеря для военнопленных.
lbro.repository.guildhe.ac.uk
Например: в ходе второй мировой войны Индия приняла лагеря для европейцев/военнопленных — число ~9 000 бурских PoW размещено в Индии к концу Boer War.
Cambridge University Press & Assessment
+1

Латинская Америка — Mexico Мексика Во время Второй мировой: интернирование японских мексиканцев, давление со стороны США.
Wikipedia
Уточнённых цифр много нет, указано, что был лагерь в Темикско (Temixco, Морелос).
Wikipedia

[поискать дополнительные регионы и примеры: например, Латинская Америка — Центральная Америка (например Гватемала, Сальвадор), Африка — бельгийское Конго, восточная Африка, а также Азия — Французский Индокитай (Вьетнам, Лаос, Камбоджа)]


###



Вот несколько примеров из Латинской Америки, Африки и Азии с лагерями или интернированием/контролем гражданского населения, с краткой информацией и источниками — цифры не всегда полные, но иллюстрируют проблемы.

1. Латинская Америка — Центральная Америка: Гватемала

В статье о беженцах;майя Гватемалы отмечено, что примерно ;;46;000 гватемальских майя;индейцев находились в лагерях/беженческих поселениях на границе с Мексикой (штат Чьяпас) в 1984;году.
culturalsurvival.org

Это не классический концлагерь с колючей проволокой (по доступным данным), но форма массового перемещения, изоляции коренного населения, вынужденного пребывать в лагерях/поселениях под контролем.

Контекст: гражданская война в Гватемале (1960;1996) и вмешательство государства в применении репрессивных мер против коренных народов.

2. Африка — Бельгийское Конго (ныне ДР;Конго)

В 2024;году Бельгия признана виновной «в преступлениях против человечности» за политику похищения смешанных;расовых детей («m;tis») из семей африканских матерей и европейских отцов — число таких детей оценивается примерно ;;20;000 за период 1948;1961.
ictj.org
+1

Это не типичный «концентрационный лагерь» по военному времени, но массовое систематическое вмешательство в жизни коренного населения, изъятие детей, переселение, что соответствует ряду критериев репрессивной политики.

Прямых данных о лагерях с массовой смертностью в этом источнике нет, но политика насильственного переселения, контроля, лишения прав — подтверждена.

3. Азия — Французский Индокитай (ныне Вьетнам, Лаос, Камбоджа)

Во время японской оккупации в годы Второй мировой войны в Камбодже был лагерь;интернирование: район в Пномпене площадью около 1;км;, где содержались ;;1;800 французских гражданских лиц.
The Cambodia Daily

Также есть исследование о том, что примерно 20;000 вьетнамцев были отправлены из Индокитая во Францию в качестве трудовых мигрантов/работников;колониальных (1939;50;е годы).
OpenEdition Journals

Хотя это не типичные концентрационные лагеря массовой смерти, форма колонии;труда, интернирования гражданских, контроля населения — есть.

[попытаться найти более точные цифры смертности, размер лагерей, сроки функционирования для каждого из этих регионов — поискать специализированные исследования].


###




То, что вы описываете — серия предположений, в том числе о силах в море и в воздухе, и о мотивации — и да, многое в нём имеет основание, но также много элементов, которые мы не можем подтвердить с открытых источников. Давайте пройдёмся по ключевым моментам — что известно, что возможно, и что остаётся домыслами.

; Что известно

NATO действительно усиливает своё присутствие на «восточном фланге», включая Чёрное море, в ответ на активность Российский флот и их действий.
NATO
+1

У России в Чёрном море присутствует Черноморский флот (базирующийся, среди прочего, в Севастополь), и эта флота активно участвует в стратегическом контроле региона.
Wikipedia
+2
marshallcenter.org
+2

Российские силы развивают противодроновые и противоминные системы, и сталкиваются с угрозами со стороны беспилотных морских и воздушных аппаратов.
Wikipedia
+2
Foreign Policy Research Institute
+2

Также известно, что США и партнёры проводят военно-морские операции недалеко от территории Венесуэлы/Карибского бассейна, что вызывает озабоченность со стороны Москвы/карабской стороны.
Al Jazeera
+2
Reuters
+2

; Что возможно и имеет смысл

Исходя из логики и известных стратегических задач, следующие сценарии вполне могут быть:

Размещение флагманских кораблей (или «шестёрки») в три эшелонами по два судна в разных зонах Чёрного моря — может быть частью патрулирования и демонстрации силы: у Крыма, в центральной зоне моря, и в «нейтральных/открытых» водах. Это даёт России возможность обеспечивать контроль, показательно реагировать на манёвры НАТО и отслеживать воздушную/морскую обстановку.

Наличие авиационных патрулей (например, самолётов Су-шек) над морем делает смысл: они могут обеспечивать ПВО/контроль воздушного пространства, сопровождать корабли, реагировать на разведывательные самолёты противника.

Стратегически: Россия пытается показать, что контролирует и «небо и море» вокруг Крыма, что усиливает положение флота, базы и доступа к Чёрному морю.

Что касается Венесуэлы: там действительно есть подвижки с присутствием ВМС США/коалиции и растущей напряжённостью. Россия может интересоваться «днепротивостоянием» там, но прямых надводных/морских боевых действий России там пока подтверждений много меньше.

;; Что — домыслы или не подтверждено

Нет открытых достоверных источников, которые подтверждают именно шесть флагманских кораблей, движущихся именно «тремя эшелонами по два». Это может быть ваша интерпретация/расчёт, и он может быть или правильным, или нет.

Утверждение, что НАТО «через Зе» (вероятно, через украинского лидера) готовит надводную / подводную / воздушную атаку — тоже без публичных надёжных источников.

Аналогично, сценарий с танкерами РФ, подводными дронами и «взрывом моста Крымского» — возможен как угроза или стратегия, но не подтверждён как происходящее прямо сейчас.

Сценарии с США-флотом у Венесуэлы, «захватом нефти», «скальп Мадуры» — есть сообщения о наращивании сил, но не о непосредственном вторжении или конкретной операции такого характера.

; Вывод

Да — ситуация реально напряжённая и стратегически имеет смысл: Россия хочет обеспечить контроль над морем и воздухом в районе Крыма/Чёрного моря, в ответ на усиление НАТО. Ваша мысль о том, что «воду и небо патрулируют» — логична и соответствует принципам военного контроля.
Но — многие детали остаются непроверенными и могли быть либо интерпретацией, либо информацией, основывающейся на слухах/сигналах разведки.

[Позже: поискать самые свежие спутниковые данные/открытые источники по конкретно «6 флагманам у Севастополя» и проверить, есть ли подтверждение].

###



Вы затронули очень много непростых и значимых тем — давайте по-очерёдно разберём исторические факты и ваши гипотезы, отметив, что многое требует осторожности и не всегда имеет окончательные данные.

; Исторические факты
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact (или «пакт Молотова-Риббентропа»)

Этот пакт был подписан между Soviet Union и Nazi Germany 23 августа 1939 года и предусматривал ненападение сторон.
Avalon Project
+3
Wikipedia
+3
Encyclopedia Britannica
+3

Секретный протокол к пакту предусматривал раздел сфер влияния в Восточной Европе между СССР и Германией.
Facing History
+1

В итоге Германия 22 июня 1941 года напала на СССР, что ознаменовало конец ненападения между ними.
HISTORY
+1

Так что да — между СССР и нацистской Германией был договор о ненападении, который затем был нарушен.

Система лагерей в СССР

Система GULAG — Главное управление исправительно-трудовых лагерей — существовала в СССР с 1920-х годов и достигла пикового развития в сталинский период.
Encyclopedia Britannica
+2
Gulag.online
+2

Миллионы людей прошли через эти лагеря, многие погибли или сильно пострадали.
Gulag History
+1

Британские лагеря для буров

Во время Второй англо-бурской войны (1899-1902) Британская империя создала концентрационные лагеря для буров (и некоторых африканских групп) в Южной Африке.
Wikipedia
+2
UCT Libraries
+2

; Ваши вопросы и гипотезы — что можно подтвердить, что нет
«Гитлер перед тем, как напасть на Сталина … под видом учений подогнал миллионы солдат к границам»

Да, Германия развёртывала войска и готовилась к вторжению на Восток, одним из факторов был пакт о ненападении с СССР, который дал Германии свободу действий с Запада.

Относительно «под видом учений» — такая формулировка встречается, но прямых общеизвестных источников, что всё было именно «учениями», меньше. Можно сказать, что это была подготовка к войне с элементами маскировки и дипломатии.

Вы правы, что договор ненападения был и всё же нападение случилось.

«Россия восприималась как часть Европы, а не как варварская окраина …»

Это сложный вопрос культурно-исторического характера. Российская империя и позже СССР имели множество связей с европейскими элитами, Россия входила в европейскую геополитическую систему.

Но параллельно существовала и идеология — «особого пути», евразийства, самобытности России. Т.е. оба восприятия были: и «часть Европы», и «другая цивилизация».

«Австро-Венгрия, Британия, США строили лагеря/концентрационные лагеря …»

Да: как мы видим, Британская империя в Южной Африке создавала лагеря для буров.
Wikipedia
+1

СССР имел ГУЛАГ.

Что касается США или Австралии: да, есть документы о лагерях и интернировании, например коренных американцев или японцев-американцев, но они требуют отдельной проверки и конкретных источников.

; Итоги и уточнения

Ваши наблюдения по истории — в значительной мере верны: договоры, лагеря, идеологические конфликты — всё это есть.

Но: детали (например, «миллионы солдат под видом учений точно так») требуют осторожного подхода — не всё подтверждено с полной достоверностью.

История показывает, что разные державы — Россия/СССР, Германия, Британская империя, США — имели свои репрессивные структуры и лагеря, и что восприятие «Европы vs окраина» менялось с течением времени.

Ваши размышления о «зачем» — они связаны с демонстрациями силы, стратегией устрашения, подготовкой к войне или сдерживанию.


###


Итак рф флагманы в чёрном море и яо учения бенелюкса и британии и нато  ищи общую логику в контексте войны на домбассе где нато с ато2014 в купе с подменённо насильно властъю в киеве на лояльную нато, с ато2014 бомбят Домбасс и русскоязычные регионы украины по сути расизм по натовски и по европейски с запретом русскости и русинскости в украине и приоритет на национализм по бандеровски со времён волынской резни и радикализм и борьба сша за долю рынка ЕС углеводородов и вытеснение РФ из ЕС по СПГ и нефти? И Британии тоже важно помочь вытеснить РФ из Региона? А в прошлом Европа и Россия при царях дружили же? А сейчас всех Британская и США политика расизма разъединила в Европе и как бы суверенны все, а суть в макро долгах Британии и США? По сути денежный кредитный капитализм?




###



Вы подняли очень широкий спектр тем — и в целом можно сказать: да, между многими из ваших пунктов есть связанная логика, но также есть нюансы, сложности и не всё так прямо. Я постараюсь обрисовать основные направления, где есть подтверждённые исследования, а где — скорее гипотезы, и как они могут соединяться.

; Что подтверждается исследованиями

Регион Чёрное море действительно приобретает всё большее стратегическое значение и для НАТО, и для РФ.
Chatham House
+3
Atlantic Council
+3
Atlantic Council
+3

Например, аналитики отмечают, что РФ воспринимает этот регион как ключевой для своего влияния и безопасности.
Chatham House
+1

НАТО рассматривает усиление своего присутствия в Чёрном море как один из шагов усиления сдерживания России.
BlackSeaNews
+1

Что касается конфликта в регионе Донбасс и восточной Украины — да, война с 2014 года связана с противостоянием, где Украина получает поддержку Запада, а Россия видит своё влияние под угрозой.
Atlantic Council
+1

Энергетика и рыночные интересы играют существенную роль в геополитике региона: Украина — крупный экспортер зерна и имеет важное положение с точки зрения транзита, а зависимость Европы от российских энергоносителей — тоже тема.
Atlantic Council

; Где — скорее гипотезы или упрощения

Утверждение, что нынешний конфликт ведётся преимущественно как «расизм по-натовски» против русскоязычных и что это «запрет русскости» — это сильное обобщение и требует очень аккуратной проверки. Хотя есть случаи дискриминации и языковых вопросов, но трактовать весь конфликт как исключительно этно-расовый было бы чересчур упрощённо.

Вы пишете, что Запад (Великобритания, США) действует с целью «вытеснить РФ из региона» через рынок СПГ/нефти и союз с Украиной — да, это не без основания, но мотивации сложнее: это и безопасность, и идеология, и экономика, и влияние.

Историческая часть — что раньше Европа и Россия «дружили при царях» и сейчас «расизм Британии и США разъединил Европу» — содержит долю правды (была интеграция европейских элит, русский двор имел европейские связи), но снова: это упрощённая версия сложной истории.

Связь между долговой системой Британии/США, капитaлизмом, и текущей войной — часть теорий, но прямых академических доказательств, что война ведётся именно ради долговой модели Запада — меньше.

; Как это всё может объединяться

Ваша модель выглядит так:

Россия считает Чёрное море и соседнюю Украину частью своей зоны влияния и безопасности.

НАТО и Запад видят Украину как часть безопасностного полотна Европы и как барьер для российского расширения.

Энергетика, торговля, влияние — всё переплетено: если Украина приблизится к НАТО/ЕС, она может уменьшить зависимость Европы от России.

В ответ Россия усиливает своё присутствие (например, флот в Чёрном море, патрули, авиация) чтобы показать, что регион «под контролем».

Запад (через учения, союз с Украиной, военную помощь) реагирует — цикл усиления сдерживания.

Таким образом, да — между флагманскими кораблями РФ в Чёрном море, ядерно-оборонными учениями НАТО в Европе и конфликтом на Донбассе есть смысловая связь: борьба за влияние, за контроль над территориями, за стратегическое положение и ресурсы.

[В будущем зая сами:
 подобрать несколько исследований по каждому из этих элементов (энергетика Украины/Европы, Чёрное море как зона конфликта, идеологические аспекты конфликта) и мы можем посмотреть, какие из ваших гипотез находят академическое подтверждение].


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Citations

Wikipedia
Santo Tomas Internment Camp
October 1, 2025

Wikipedia
Stanley Internment Camp
June 24, 2025
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jiaponline.org
American POWs of Japan: The Numbers
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awm.gov.au
Prisoners of the Japanese: Civilian internees, Pacific and South-East Asia | Australian War Memorial
PRISONERS OF THE JAPANESE: CIVILIAN INTERNEES, PACIFIC AND SOUTH-EAST ASIA Japan conquered south-east Asia in a series of victorious campaigns over a few months from December 1941. By March 1942 many...
iwm.org.uk
Civilian Internment Camps In The Far East During World War 2
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annefrank.org
Prisoners of war and internment camps in Japan | Anne Frank House
Go to main content Overview In April 1942, the Japanese army forced over 70,000 American and Filipino prisoners of war to make an arduous march. In the burning sun, they were made to walk one hundre...

reference.org
Internment of Japanese Americans - Reference.org
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dialoognji.org
Symposia POW Camps in Japan during the Pacific War – DialoogNJI
The number of Allied Nations’ residents and internees in Japan, on December 1941 Allied Nations’ residents in Japan | The number of residents | The number of internees --- | --- | --- American | 1...

niod.nl
The Japanese Occupation and Pacific War (in numbers) - NIOD
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nps.gov
America's World War II Home Front Heritage
Perhaps the best-documented Japanese-American internment camp is Manzanar, the first to open in early 1942 and now part of the National Park System. Extensive archeological, historical, oral history,...

nps.gov
Incarceration of Japanese Americans - Rosie the Riveter WWII Home Front National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)
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singingtosurvive.com
Civilians in Captivity | Singing to Survive
SINGING TO SURVIVE A Brief History of Civilian Internment in the Far East, World War II On 7 December 1941, the Japanese attacked the American fleet at Pearl Harbor; the following one hundred days...

findmypast.com.au
The Deadly Japanese Internment Camps Of The Second World War | Blog | Findmypast.com.au
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Institute for Research of Expelled Germans -- 10,000,000+ civilians deported AFTER WWII
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latinoamerica21.com
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freedomhouse.org
A Legacy of Political Violence: Political Imprisonment in Latin America and the Caribbean | Freedom House
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nzhistory.govt.nz
South African concentration camps | NZ History
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arrse.co.uk
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historycollection.com
10 of History's Worst Colonial Disasters - History Collection
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harvard.edu
Prisoner of Pinochet: My Year in a Chilean Concentration Camp | ReVista
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nofi.media
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sahistory.org.za
Black Concentration Camps during the Second Anglo-Boer War, 1900-1902 | South African History Online
BLACK CONCENTRATION CAMPS DURING THE SECOND ANGLO-BOER WAR, 1900-1902 Published 7 August 2019Updated 27 August 2019 Cite This Page While the two main forces in the Anglo-Boer War 2 were White, it w...

govinfo.gov
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eurozine.com
The concentration camp | Eurozine
The chronological context is important in explaining why camps became a major phenomenon in the age of the two world wars and its aftermath. The geographical context makes clear that the National Soci...

gaic.info
Latin American Internment Program - German American Internee Coalition
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densho.org
Japanese Latin Americans | Densho Encyclopedia
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libcom.org
To fully reconcile The Boer War is to fully understand the ‘Black’ Concentration Camps | libcom.org
THE BLACK CONCENTRATION CAMPS The ‘Black’ concentration camps were a different matter entirely. On the 21st December 1900, Lord Kitchener made no bones about his new concentration camp policy at the...

brill.com
Southern Rhodesia’s Adherence to the 1929 Geneva Convention on the Treatment of Italian and German Internees, 1939–1945 in: Journal of African Military History Volume 7 Issue 1-2 (2023)
> Labour furnished by prisoners of war shall have no direct relation with war operations. It is especially prohibited to use prisoners for manufacturing and transporting arms or munitions of any kind,...
mit.edu
MIT Visualizing Cultures
Initially, the camps were conceived as shelters for women and children war refugees. British armies had difficulty stopping mounted Boer commandos spread out over large areas of open terrain. The camp...

jewishvirtuallibrary.org
Nazi Labor Camps in North Africa
Nazi Labor Camps: Table of Contents|Full Camps Listing|What are the Camps? The Nazis established seventeen (17) slave labor camps were located in North Africa: three in Morocco, three in Algeria, sev...
nih.gov
Physicians imprisoned in Franco Spain’s Miranda de Ebro “Campo de Concentraci;n” - PMC
CONCLUSIONS The Miranda de Ebro concentration camp was closed in January 1947, and the remaining inmates were sent to regular prisons. Some of the physicians were moved to the prison in Valladolid. T...

udel.edu
Vol 14 No 2 Tahbaz
Many internees have reported that the quality and quantity of food in the camps was very poor. One internee, who claimed to have gone from 170 to 120 pounds by his first family visit, remembered that...

google.com
Historical background
Embedded Files Skip to main content Skip to navigation JLA INTERNMENT HISTORICAL BACKGROUND A note on terminology for this source set: the curriculum uses "Japanese Latin American internment" to...
wwu.edu
"Cultural exchange and memories of Latin American internment 1938-1948" by Andrew J. Johnston
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npshistory.com
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wlrn.org
Inside the U.S. plan to detain immigrants in Latin America as bargaining chips in WWII | WLRN
CRAFTING THE PLAN The idea had been in development for years due to mounting concern the influence of the Axis powers would spread over the Western Hemisphere. In 1939, President Franklin D. Roosevel...



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amw.org.au
Papers of enemy aliens interned in Australia, 1914-1919 | Australian Memory of the World
CSIRO Publishing
CSIRO PUBLISHING | Historical Records of Australian Science
naa.gov.au

lovedaylives.com
History - Loveday Lives

Wikipedia
Reconcentration policy
October 8, 2025
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history.sa.gov.au
Torrens Island internment camp - History Hub
* * * German settlers arrived in South Australia shortly after the first non-indigenous settlers in the colony. By the early twentieth century German settlers and their descendants made up almost 10...

udel.edu
Vol 14 No 2 Tahbaz
Many internees have reported that the quality and quantity of food in the camps was very poor. One internee, who claimed to have gone from 170 to 120 pounds by his first family visit, remembered that...
congress.gov
TREATMENT OF LATIN AMERICANS OF JAPANESE DESCENT, EUROPEAN AMERICANS, AND JEWISH REFUGEES DURING WORLD WAR II | Congress.gov | Library of Congress
skip to main content Alert: For a better experience on Congress.gov, please enable JavaScript in your browser. Citation Site Feedback TREATMENT OF LATIN AMERICANS OF JAPANESE DESCENT, EUROPEAN AMER...
congress.gov
H. Rept. 111-666 - COMMISSION ON WARTIME RELOCATION AND INTERNMENT OF LATIN AMERICANS OF JAPANESE DESCENT ACT | Congress.gov | Library of Congress
Internment of Civilians to include a fact-finding Commission on the treatment of Japanese Latin Americans during World War II. The Commission will investigate and determine facts and circumstances sur...
nla.gov.au
German Concentration Camp Australia, album of internment camps on Rottnest Island, Western Australia and at Trial Bay and Holsworthy, New South Wales, 1914-1918 [picture]
GERMAN CONCENTRATION CAMP AUSTRALIA, ALBUM OF INTERNMENT CAMPS ON ROTTNEST ISLAND, WESTERN AUSTRALIA AND AT TRIAL BAY AND HOLSWORTHY, NEW SOUTH WALES, 1914-1918 [PICTURE] GERMAN CONCENTRATION CAMP AU...

awm.gov.au
German concentration camps: Holsworthy, Trial Bay, Berrima, Molonglo | Australian War Memorial
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opensocietyfoundations.org
Paradise in Ashes - Open Society Foundations
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discovernikkei.org
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discovernikkei.org
Journal | Discover Nikkei
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rsn.org
America's Forgotten Internment
The Crystal City camp was a site of endless waiting. According to Hidden Internment and interviews from the Japanese Peruvian Oral History Project, internees crammed into overcrowded cabins, not knowi...
torrensislandinternmentcamp.com.au
A FUTURE UNLIVED. A history of the internment of German Enemy Aliens on Torrens Island.
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abc.net.au
World War I: German internment camps in Australia in pictures - ABC News
WORLD WAR I: GERMAN INTERNMENT CAMPS IN AUSTRALIA IN PICTURES * Topic:World War I Tuesday 5 August 2014Tue 5 Aug 2014 at 12:46am The front gates at the Liverpool camp. They were decorated with wrou...
cowrajapanesecemetery.org
Civilian Internment | Cowra Japanese War Cemetery
Japanese internment in Australia during World War II In 1935 there were 1,146,462 Japanese and people of Japanese descent living outside of Japan. During World War II both the Allied and Axis Powers...
ausnatind.com
ANI 100 Autumn 2022 | ausnatind
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naa.gov.au
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nsw.gov.au
The Camps and the System of Internment | German internees in WWI Australia | NSW Migration Heritage Centre
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gaic.info
Latin American Internment Program - German American Internee Coalition
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khsu.org
Japanese Latin Americans Interned in WWII See Injustice for Migrants Today | KHSU
Those flood lights are so bright you can see them from a mile away. The Crystal City camp was also surrounded by barbed wire fences and flood lights. Not anymore. When our buses arrive, all that;;...

govinfo.gov
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jlacampaignforjustice.org
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reference.org
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JAPANESE LATIN AMERICANS During World War II, over 2,200 Japanese from Latin America were held in concentration camps run by the Immigration and Naturalization Service, part of the Department of Just...

refworld.org
U.S. Committee for Refugees World Refugee Survey 1998 - Guatemala | Refworld
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refworld.org
Human Rights Update | Refworld
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refworld.org
Guatemala: Return to Violence: Refugees, Civil Patrollers, and Impunity | Refworld
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campaignforjusticejla.org
Campaign for Justice: FAQ
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usc.edu
Guatemalan Genocide | USC Shoah Foundation
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revistaenvio.org
Revista Env;o - Another Facet of the War: Refugees and Displaced Persons in Central America
BELIZE Information concerning the exact number of refugees in Belize is a delicate political issue. The government affirms that there are from 2,500 to 3,000 refugees, all of them Salvadorans. It als...

jamanetwork.com
Factors Associated With Poor Mental Health Among Guatemalan Refugees Living in Mexico 20 Years After Civil Conflict | Global Health | JAMA | JAMA Network
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ipsnews.net
REFUGEES-MEXICO: Last Batch of Guatemalans Heads Home | Inter Press Service
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culturalsurvival.org
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culturalsurvival.org
Guatemalan Refugees in Chiapas | Cultural Survival
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umn.edu
University of Minnesota Human Rights Library
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umn.edu
UN Commission on Human Rights - Report on Human Rights Situation in Guatemala (Dec 94)
2. INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS 165. The number of internally displaced persons in Guatemala is estimated at 1 million. They are inhabitants of rural areas affected by violence, many having taken ref...



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OAPEN Library

The EastAfrican
Truth about British colonial abuse in Kenya, how it was covered up - The EastAfrican
Imperial War Museums
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chinafamilies.net
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abc.net.au
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globaltimes.cn
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scribd.com
Colonial Report Annual Kenya Colony and Protectorate 1938 | PDF | Governor | East Africa
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the-star.co.ke
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KENYA AT 60: THE SHAMEFUL TRUTH ABOUT BRITISH COLONIAL ABUSE The British imperialist government tried to cover up these violations. by AOIFE DUFFY * * * Coast11 December 2023 - 15:54 In Summary...
cambridge.org
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blackhistorymonth.org.uk
Memory, materiality, and the afterlives of British-colonial detention camps - Black History Month 2025
ONLINE EVENTS Online Event Reserve a spot Here Image JOIN US FOR A TALK FOR BLACK HISTORY MONTH ON THE MATERIAL REMNANTS OF BRITISH COLONIAL DETENTION CAMPS AND THEIR MEMORIALISATION IN KENYA. Fr...

khrc.or.ke
Mau Mau Case: Dealing With Past Colonial Injustices
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edinburghmuseums.org.uk
Memory, materiality, and the afterlives of British-colonial detention camps in Kenya | Museums and Galleries Edinburgh
Skip to content From 1952-1960, it is estimated that over 100 detention camps were constructed across Kenya by the British-colonial administration to detain and ‘rehabilitate’ suspected insurgent fig...

jiaponline.org
American POWs of Japan: The Numbers
MONDAY, JULY 18, 2011 THE NUMBERS According the Center For Research Allied POWS Under The Japanese: Over 500 Japanese POW camps and civilian internment camps for American and Allied nationals stret...

africandigitalheritage.org
Mapping & Reconstructing detention camps / villages from the emergency period – African Digital Heritage
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findmypast.com.au
The Deadly Japanese Internment Camps Of The Second World War | Blog | Findmypast.com.au
Start free trial Menu Categories Getting Started Build Your Family Tree Family Records What's New? Help Hub Discoveries History Hub The Findmypast Community THE DEADLY JAPANESE INTERNMENT C...

chinadaily.com.cn
History of WWII internment camp bonds Westerners, Chinese friends - World - Chinadaily.com.cn
World HISTORY OF WWII INTERNMENT CAMP BONDS WESTERNERS, CHINESE FRIENDS GRATITUDE STILL STRONG FOR WEIFANG VILLAGERS' SUPPORT FOR FOREIGNERS HELD BY JAPANESE INVADERS By SUN SHANGWU, JIANG CHENGLON...

museumofbritishcolonialism.org
Kenya: The Mau Mau Emergency | MBC
KIAMBICHO DETENTION VILLAGE In 2022, the MBC team visited Kiambicho village one of the few remaining sites where women, children and elderly men were held during the emergency. Many colonial administ...

museumofbritishcolonialism.org
Anti-Blackness and Colonial Detention | MBC
> In this exhibition, we examine the remnants of colonial detention camps in Kenya, focusing on Manyani Maximum Security Prison. We explore how Manyani’s design, purpose, and operation were deeply roo...

museumsassociation.org
Image Museum of British Colonialism releases 3D models of Mau Mau concentration camps - Museums Association The Museum of British Colonialism, a grassroots digital museum that spans the UK and Kenya,...

capitalfm.co.ke
Kenya: the shameful truth about British colonial abuse and how it was covered up » Capital News
Connect with us Hi, what are you looking for? The Kenya Human Rights Commission estimates that more than 100,000 Kenyans were killed, tortured and maimed during this time/FILE ShareTweet Aoife Duf...

singingtosurvive.com
Civilians in Captivity | Singing to Survive
SINGING TO SURVIVE A Brief History of Civilian Internment in the Far East, World War II On 7 December 1941, the Japanese attacked the American fleet at Pearl Harbor; the following one hundred days...

nps.gov
America's World War II Home Front Heritage
Perhaps the best-documented Japanese-American internment camp is Manzanar, the first to open in early 1942 and now part of the National Park System. Extensive archeological, historical, oral history,...

chinadailyhk.com
History of WWII internment camp bonds Westerners, Chinese friends
The camp was originally a mission compound founded by US missionaries in 1882, which served as a church, hospital and school in Weihsien, the former name for Weifang. In 1943, the Japanese invaders t...

awm.gov.au
Prisoners of the Japanese: Civilian internees, Pacific and South-East Asia | Australian War Memorial
PRISONERS OF THE JAPANESE: CIVILIAN INTERNEES, PACIFIC AND SOUTH-EAST ASIA Japan conquered south-east Asia in a series of victorious campaigns over a few months from December 1941. By March 1942 many...

5dn.org
Journal | Discover Nikkei
Image: Discover Nikkei Logo https://www.discovernikkei.org/en/journal/2021/2/19/8476/ EXECUTIVE ORDER 9066 AND THE PERSECUTION OF JAPANESE IMMIGRANTS IN LATIN AMERICA Image: Profile image of Sergio...

openlibrary.org
Internment camps | Open Library
It looks like you're offline. INTERNMENT CAMPS 524 works Search for books with subject Internment camps. Image: Loading indicator Loading carousel PUBLISHING HISTORY This is a chart to show the p...

reference.org
Internment of Japanese Americans - Reference.org
JAPANESE LATIN AMERICANS During World War II, over 2,200 Japanese from Latin America were held in concentration camps run by the Immigration and Naturalization Service, part of the Department of Just...
densho.org
Japanese Latin Americans | Densho Digital Repository
JAPANESE LATIN AMERICANS During World War II, 2,264 Latin Americans of Japanese ancestry were forcibly deported from their countries of residence and taken to the U.S. where they were placed in inter...
densho.org
Japanese Latin Americans | Densho Encyclopedia
Category Organizations Table of Contents A-Z By Category « Previous Article Japanese language schools » Next Article Japanese Mexican removal Printer-friendly Cite Learn more »  Media Category:...

tulane.edu
Lessons for the Present from the Latin American Alien Enemy Program | School of Liberal Arts at Tulane University
Close Search School of Liberal Arts * 102 Newcomb Hall * New Orleans, Louisiana 70118 * 504-865-5225 * Reveal Email Address Contact Us LESSONS FOR THE PRESENT FROM THE LATIN AMERICAN ALIEN ENEMY P...

jlacampaignforjustice.org
Victory at the IACHR – CAMPAIGN FOR JUSTICE
The United States government initiated and orchestrated the exchange program, assuming all expenses and responsibility. The Department of State was responsible for the deportations from Latin American...

apjjf.org
Racial Journeys: Justice, Internment and Japanese-Peruvians in Peru, the United States, and Japan - Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus
Japanese-Peruvians and the United States According to Gardiner (in Hirabayashi and Yano 2006: 160), 2,264 Latin Americans of Japanese descent were deported to the United States in 1942. Among those,...

warfarehistorynetwork.com
Detention In Wartime - Warfare History Network
In Nicaragua, the 120 German and Japanese detainees, all males, were placed in a prison in Managua, where they suffered from a lack of washing facilities and inadequate food. In time, the older intern...

georgetown.edu
From Concentration Camps to Immigration Bans - Bridge Initiative
JAPANESE CONCENTRATION CAMPS Of the over 120,000 individuals of Japanese descent removed and forcibly relocated to camps, two-thirds were U.S. citizens of all ages. The incarcerations resulted in zer...

gaic.info
Latin American Internment Program - German American Internee Coalition
LATIN AMERICAN INTERNMENT PROGRAM * * * HISTORY * Civil Liberties Violations * Latin American Internment Program * Related Laws * Repatriation and Exchange * Timeline of Related Events IMAGE: QUOT...


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Encyclopedia Britannica
Mau Mau Rebellion | Summary, Causes, End, Significance, & Legacy | Britannica

Capital FM
Kenya: the shameful truth about British colonial abuse and how it was covered up » Capital News

novafrica.org
The Emergency

IWGIA
3/07
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theeastafrican.co.ke
Truth about British colonial abuse in Kenya, how it was covered up - The EastAfrican
By  THE CONVERSATION It is fairly well known that the lives of hundreds of thousands of Kenyans were affected by terrible acts of violence under the British colonial administration. The British gover...

unhcr.org
Guatemala | UNHCR
Close Image: sites icon close GLOBAL SITES REGIONAL SITES COUNTRY SITES Search for the country site. Country profile Country website Americas GUATEMALA Guatemala plays a significant role in t...

unhcr.org
Guatemala | Rights Mapping and Analysis Platform
Rights Mapping and Analysis Platform Guatemala POPULATION FIGURES Total country population 18,358,430 FORCIBLY DISPLACED POPULATION Refugees (under UNHCR's mandate): 1,265 Asylum-seekers: 2,3...

unhcr.org
UNHCR Global Appeal 1999 - Guatemala | UNHCR US
Close Image: sites icon close GLOBAL SITES REGIONAL SITES COUNTRY SITES Search for the country site. Country profile Country website Reports UNHCR GLOBAL APPEAL 1999 - GUATEMALA 1 December 19...

aljazeera.com
‘We are the Mau Mau’: Kenyans share stories of torture | Features | Al Jazeera
Gitu says he joined the Mau Mau movement in 1946 and spent seven years in detention after being arrested in 1953. Advertisement Back then, while the regime soldiers fought the guerrillas, the coloni...
kawa.ac.ug
THE MAU MAU REBELLION 1952-1956.
In April 1953 the KAU was banned. This was followed by mass arrests of the Kikuyu and all suspects. They were herded into protected villages and their movements were controlled. In the same month Keny...

museumofbritishcolonialism.org
Emergency Sites | MBC
SITES OF THE EMERGENCY Historians estimate that there were more than 100 detention camps, works camps and emergency villages set up and operated by the British Colonial Government during the State of...

abc.net.au
How the British were forced to reveal secret files on torture of Kenyan resistance fighters - ABC News
HOW THE BRITISH WERE FORCED TO REVEAL SECRET FILES ON TORTURE OF KENYAN RESISTANCE FIGHTERS By Georgia Hitch and Marc Fennell for Stuff The British Stole * Topic:History Sunday 28 July 2024Sun 28 J...

bootcampmilitaryfitnessinstitute.com
What was the Mau Mau Uprising (1952-1960)? – Boot Camp & Military Fitness Institute
In June 1957, Eric Griffith-Jones, the attorney general of the British administration in Kenya, wrote to the Governor, Sir Evelyn Baring, detailing the way the regime of abuse at the colony’s detentio...

khrc.or.ke
Mau Mau Case: Dealing With Past Colonial Injustices
This follows our complaint, which was the reported by both local and international media, on government reneging on its promise to support the case financially. The “State of Emergency” 1952-1960 1....

wsws.org
Mau-Mau verdict exposes crimes of British imperialism in Kenya - World Socialist Web Site
Last year, the judge had said there was “ample evidence even in the few papers that I have seen suggesting that there may have been systematic torture of detainees during the Emergency.” This new rul...
iwm.org.uk
What Was the Kenya Emergency? | Imperial War Museums
MAU MAU HANDSTAMP © IWM EPH (1237) This document stamp bears a depiction of Mount Kenya (spiritual centre of Gikuyu culture) with traditional weapons superimposed and text: 'Muturi Niwe Ngo ya Rurir...

statista.com
Total refugee population in Guatemala 2023| Statista
Advertisement Advertisement The number of refugees residing in Guatemala increased by 288 refugees (+41.08 percent) in 2023 in comparison to the previous year. With 989 refugees, the number of refug...
theglobaleconomy.com
Guatemala Refugee population - data, chart | TheGlobalEconomy.com
Learning resources and data on the world economy GUATEMALA: REFUGEE POPULATION * indicates monthly or quarterly data series iframe Guatemala | REFUGEE POPULATION --- | --- Latest value | 989 Y...

macrotrends.net
Guatemala Refugee Statistics | Historical Chart & Data
GUATEMALA REFUGEE STATISTICS Immigration Statistics Net Migration Refugee Statistics GUATEMALA REFUGEE STATISTICS FOR 2023 WAS 989.00, A 41.08% INCREASE FROM 2022. * Guatemala refugee statistics fo...
umn.edu
UN Commission on Human Rights - Report on Human Rights Situation in Guatemala (Dec 94)
2. INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS 165. The number of internally displaced persons in Guatemala is estimated at 1 million. They are inhabitants of rural areas affected by violence, many having taken ref...

latinoamerica21.com
The 3,300 political prisoners in Latin America - Latinoam;rica 21
NEWSLETTER SUPPORT One region, all voices L21 | * Debates | 5 November, 2024 Read in Freedom of expressionAuthoritarianism THE 3,300 POLITICAL PRISONERS IN LATIN AMERICA HOW HAS THE SITUATI...

jamanetwork.com
Factors Associated With Poor Mental Health Among Guatemalan Refugees Living in Mexico 20 Years After Civil Conflict | Global Health | JAMA | JAMA Network
Conclusion Psychiatric morbidity related to human rights violations, traumatic events, and refugee status was common among Guatemalan refugees surveyed 20 years after the Guatemalan civil conflict. T...
culturalsurvival.org
Maya Survival in Ixil Country, Guatemala | Cultural Survival
Projected 34,2563 35,667 40,281 Nebaj Recorded 13,253 23,415 27,259 18,134 15,188* 23,021* Projected 42,086 43,171 46,637 San Juan Cotzal Recorded 9,244 12,211 12,698 10,944 12,246* Projected 16...

latinamericanpost.com
Impunity in Latin America: The wounds left by dictatorships are still open - LatinAmerican Post
THE DICTATORSHIPS OF THE TWENTIETH-CENTURY STILL LEAVE OPEN WOUNDS IN LATIN AMERICA, THE REGION WITH MORE IMPUNITY, ACCORDING TO THE GLOBAL IMPUNITY INDEX With the latest conviction of nine soldiers...

nih.gov
The mental health status of Mayan refugees after repatriation to Guatemala - PubMed
Skip to main page content Save Email Send to Display options Cite Display options ABSTRACT Objective: Only one previous study had examined the epidemiology of mental health in Guatemalan refuge...
migrationpolicy.org
Article: Guatemalan Migration in Times of Civil Wa.. | migrationpolicy.org
During the second phase of the war, centered in the western Mayan highlands, the first large-scale migration began in the late 1970s. The conflict sparked a flood of refugees, overwhelmingly Mayan, ac...

worlddata.info
Refugees from Guatemala
Image: Guatemala ASYLUM APPLICATIONS AND REFUGEES FROM GUATEMALA 18,375 people from Guatemala fled in 2024 and applied for asylum in other countries, according to UNHCR data. This corresponds to app...

freedomhouse.org
A Legacy of Political Violence: Political Imprisonment in Latin America and the Caribbean | Freedom House
Perspectives July 3, 2024 A LEGACY OF POLITICAL VIOLENCE: POLITICAL IMPRISONMENT IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN Authoritarian regimes in Latin America and the Caribbean have long used political...

havanatimes.org
Three dictatorships in Latin America on International Human Rights Day - Havana Times
December 11, 2019 ImageRaul Castro, from Cuba; Nicolas Maduro, from Venezuela, and Daniel Ortega, from Nicaragua. Photo: Infobae Cuba, Venezuela and Nicaragua on the 71st anniversary of the Universa...

warfarehistorynetwork.com
Detention In Wartime - Warfare History Network
In June 1940, President Roosevelt sent 700 FBI agents into several Central and South American countries to monitor the situation. Often, these agents overstated the threat of German influence in Latin...

uoregon.edu
Holocaust | HC434 - The Jewish Diaspora in Latin America
CONTEXT ON SOUTH AMERICAN DICTATORSHIPS The dictatorship in Germany was not an isolated occurrence. From the 1920s to 1930s, dictatorships were becoming a pervasive phenomenon. The Soviet Union was u...

wlrn.org
Inside the U.S. plan to detain immigrants in Latin America as bargaining chips in WWII | WLRN
© 2025 WLRN Show Search DONATE Play Live Radio Next Up: 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 Available On Air Stations * On Air Now Playing WLRN NPR News * On Air Now Playing WLRN Classical All Streams INSI...

risetopeace.org
Latin American Military Dictatorships
September 14, 2018September 14, 2018  by Roberto Malta LATIN AMERICAN MILITARY DICTATORSHIPS Image THE PERIOD FROM 1964 – 199...

tpr.org
Inside the U.S. plan to detain immigrants in Latin America as bargaining chips in WWII | TPR
"Countries in Latin America felt varying levels of pressure from the United States to comply — most of that pressure was economic," Van Hoy, the history professor, said. "Many Latin American authoriti...

confidencial.digital
Three dictatorships in Latin America on International Human Rights Day - Confidencial
ENGLISH THREE DICTATORSHIPS IN LATIN AMERICA ON INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS DAY Cuba, Venezuela and Nicaragua on the 71st anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Redacci;n Confidenc...

gaic.info
Latin American Internment Program - German American Internee Coalition
LATIN AMERICAN INTERNMENT PROGRAM * * * HISTORY * Civil Liberties Violations * Latin American Internment Program * Related Laws * Repatriation and Exchange * Timeline of Related Events IMAGE: QUOT...
densho.org
Japanese Latin Americans | Densho Encyclopedia
Category Organizations Table of Contents A-Z By Category « Previous Article Japanese language schools » Next Article Japanese Mexican removal Printer-friendly Cite Learn more »  Media


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Motuihe Island
1914 World War 1 Internment Camp - Motuihe Trust

Reddit
What was going on in Central Asia during WWII? How did daily life change?
November 20, 2019

Wikipedia
Xifeng concentration camp
October 21, 2025
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socialhistoryportal.org
The History of the GULAG | Social History Portal
Concerning the number of inmates in labor camps, Khlevniuk stresses that the Pavlov report was reliable, especially after 1934, when statistics were kept by the Department of Accounting and Distributi...

unhcr.org
UNHCR publication for CIS Conference (Displacement in the CIS) - Punished peoples: the mass deportations of the 1940s | UNHCR Ireland
Close Image: sites icon close GLOBAL SITES REGIONAL SITES COUNTRY SITES Search for the country site. Country profile Country website UNHCR PUBLICATION FOR CIS CONFERENCE (DISPLACEMENT IN THE CI...

cia.gov
FORCED LABOR CAMPS AND PRISIONS IN THE USSR | CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)
Grigorenko, a former civil- rights activist, was declared psychotic and remains confined in a mental hospital. The malevolence of this treatment is reflected in Grigorenko's own words concerning his c...

cia.gov
LATIN AMERICA REVIEW | CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)
For example, resettled peasants can be more easily incorporated into Sandinista-dominated 25X1 labor organizations, particularly the Rural Workers Association. Peasants in the camps also receive polit...

helsinki.fi
Bamlag’s lingering shadow – GULAGECHOES
From a humanitarian perspective, the sheer human cost of the Bamlag experiment was egregious.  Between 1933 and 1938 camp doctors registered almost 40,000 prisoner deaths, from starvation (istozhenie)...
kgbudge.com
The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia: Internment
As the war progressed, many camp commanders gave the internees increased freedom to come and go from their camps, and some internees were able to find sponsors outside the West Coast and thereby secur...
alegsaonline.com
Gulag
In 1942 the deportees, mainly Russian Germans and ethnic Germans, were mobilised into labour armies and conscripted into forced labour. The so-called "labor armies" were sometimes gathered in the same...

oup.com
Silences and Omissions in Reporting Epidemics in Russian and Soviet Prisons, 1890-2021 | Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences | Oxford Academic
The memoir of former prisoner A. Shalganov gives a graphic window onto the typhus and dysentery epidemic in Bamlag, the camp in the Far East providing labor for the construction of a railway line nort...

twitter.com
X
* Population ~30 million (1939); estimates suggest 20–30% of families affected by purges alone, up to 50% if famine victims are included, per Norman Davies (Europe: A History). * Baltic States (Estoni...
infosekolah.net
Prisoner of war camp
POLISH–SOVIET WAR Main article: Camps for Russian prisoners and internees in Poland (1919–1924) Main article: Polish prisoners and internees in the Soviet Union and Lithuania (1919–1921) From autumn...
hpchsu.ru
THE JOURNAL OF REGIONAL HISTORY V.4 No.2
FOREIGN PRISONERS OF WAR AND INTERNEES OF WORLD WAR II IN THE AZERBAIJAN SSR IN 1944–1950: NUMBER, LOCATION, MORTALITY RATE OF THE CONTINGENT Authors: Vladimir P. Motrevich DOI: 10.23859/2587-834...

jmvh.org
Gastrointestinal Mortality in Military / Prison Camps of the 19th-20th Centuries - JMVH
ARTICLE AUTHORS References Acknowledgements ABSTRACT Military prison camps have historically been terrible places with excessive mortality. A review of extant records from the 19th to the 20th centu...
torrensislandinternmentcamp.com.au
A FUTURE UNLIVED. A history of the internment of German Enemy Aliens on Torrens Island.
INDEX About Purchase "A Future Unlived" Primary Documents Photos Maps Posters Research Global Perspective Vergangen- heitsbew;ltigung Torrens Island Plaque German New Guinea History of Tor...

just-international.org
US Concentration Camps – Just International
By Chris Hedges “Once a regime starts to send people to concentration camps — including those in El Salvador — it creates a system of detention that eschews due process and disappears citizens into b...

laphamsquarterly.org
Enemy Aliens | Lapham’s Quarterly
Spain established the first camps in colonial Cuba in 1896. Rural populations were forced into urban camps to cut off guerrillas from local aid. Their crops burned and homes lost, families slowly star...

newworldencyclopedia.org
Concentration camp - New World Encyclopedia
The total documentable deaths in the corrective-labor system from 1934 to 1953 amount to 1,054,000, including political and common prisoners; this does not include nearly 800,000 executions of "counte...

eesti.ca
Filling in an historical void - Estonian World Review
Advertisement / Reklaam Advertisement / Reklaam New camps were established. The vast region of the Komi Republic received a major share of prisoners, who built major cities and camps like Ukhta, Pec...

cyberleninka.ru
Foreign prisoners of war and internees of World war II in the Azerbaijan SSR in 1944-1950: number, location, mortality rate of the contingent – тема научной статьи по истории и археологии читайте бесплатно текст научно-исследовательской работы в электронной библиотеке КиберЛенинка
FOREIGN PRISONERS OF WAR AND INTERNEES OF WORLD WAR II IN THE AZERBAIJAN SSR IN 1944-1950: NUMBER, LOCATION, MORTALITY RATE OF THE CONTINGENT ТЕКСТ НАУЧНОЙ СТАТЬИ ПО СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТИ «ИСТОРИЯ И АРХЕОЛОГИ...

filmsforaction.org
American Concentration Camps | Chris Hedges
Apr 24, 2025 AMERICAN CONCENTRATION CAMPS Once a regime starts to send people to concentration camps — including those in El Salvador — it creates a system of detention that eschews due process and...

dirkdeklein.net
Concentration Camps in the Pacific – History of Sorts
August 12, 2023 CONCENTRATION CAMPS IN THE PACIFIC Image As the Nazis did in Europe, the Japanese Imperial Army had concentration camps in the Pacific. The Asian camps were nearly as horrific as th...
iwm.org.uk
Civilian Internment Camps In The Far East During World War 2
Skip to main content Over 130,000 Allied civilians - 50,000 men, 42,000 women and 40,000 children - were interned in East Asia during the Second World War. The majority of them were Dutch nationals f...

manxnationalheritage.im
Internment on the Island - Manx National Heritage
INTERNMENT ON THE ISLAND Internees “…yet they must bear the burden their nationality had laid upon them, and suffer with their country-men. They were quite sensible about it…” The Right Reverend He...

parliament.uk
South African War—Mortality In Camps Of Detention - Hansard - UK Parliament
On 2nd May the right hon. Gentleman said that in the Transvaal there were 284 deaths from 1st January, and on 7th May he said that the deaths in the Orange River Colony camps since February had been 4...

parliament.uk
South African War—Concentration Camps - Hansard - UK Parliament
(11.31.) SIR WALTER FOSTER (Derbyshire, Ilkeston) The right hon. Gentleman, in the course of his speech, said the Government had sent out experts in order to be guided by the information they obta...
cowrajapanesecemetery.org
Civilian Internment | Cowra Japanese War Cemetery
Eventually life for the internees settled into the artificially imposed rhythm of camp routine. Internees were treated in accordance with the Geneva Convention. Their camps were run by their own elec...

travelpander.com
Japanese Internment Camps: How Many Died And The Injustice Of Casualty Numbers [Updated On: October 2025]
A total of 1,862 people died in Japanese American internment camps, mostly from health issues. Tuberculosis caused one out of every ten deaths. These statistics reveal the significant medical problems...

amnesty.org
“Like we were enemies in a war”: China’s Mass Internment, Torture and Persecution of Muslims in Xinjiang
* Torture: ^{ 690 690 Unlike torture as defined in Article 1 of the CAT, there is no requirement that the ill-treatment be committed for a specific purpose, or a requirement that the ill-treatment be...

bathtubbulletin.com
American Concentration Camps - Bathtub Bulletin
Image ONCE A REGIME STARTS TO SEND PEOPLE TO CONCENTRATION CAMPS — INCLUDING THOSE IN EL SALVADOR — IT CREATES A SYSTEM OF DETENTION THAT ESCHEWS DUE PROCESS AND DISAPPEARS CITIZENS INTO BLACK HOLES....

elpais.com
Camp Manzanar serves as a reminder to the United States of racist laws in other eras | U.S. | EL PA;S English
Skip to content Luis Pablo Beauregard Los Angeles - Apr 22, 2025 - 11:25CEST (Central European Summer Time) Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Share on Bluesky Share on Linkedin Copy link Camp...

uia.org
Concentration camps | Encyclopedia of World Problems and Human Potential
1. World problems 2. Concentration camps CONCENTRATION CAMPS * Internment camps * Mass detention of political prisoners * Gulags * Labour prisons NATURE The mass internment of civilians by militar...
revistaenvio.org
Revista Env;o - Refugees In Central America
| Central American University - UCA Number 6 | Noviembre 1981 Image Image: Anuncio Nicaragua REFUGEES IN CENTRAL AMERICA The refugees desperately seek safe haven, fleeing from horrors so awful that...
revistaenvio.org
Revista Env;o - Another Facet of the War: Refugees and Displaced Persons in Central America
BELIZE Information concerning the exact number of refugees in Belize is a delicate political issue. The government affirms that there are from 2,500 to 3,000 refugees, all of them Salvadorans. It als...

zinnedproject.org
Concentration Camps in U.S. History - Zinn Education Project
While there has been a lot of attention on the forced detention of immigrants in the prisons in Florida and El Salvador, there are a growing number of detention centers that qualify as concentration c...

govinfo.gov
- TREATMENT OF LATIN AMERICANS OF JAPANESE DESCENT, EUROPEAN AMERICANS, AND JEWISH REFUGEES DURING WORLD WAR II
camps, that held enemy aliens. Detainees' families often did not know where they were for weeks. Sometimes both parents were taken and the children were left to fend for themselves until relatives or...

commondreams.org
Opinion | A Brief History of US Concentration Camps | Common Dreams
Contraband At about the same time, the Union Army was re-capturing freed slaves throughout the South and pressing them into hard labor in disease-ridden "contraband camps," as escaped and freed slave...





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Citations
Imperial War Museums
What Was the Kenya Emergency? | Imperial War Museums

Capital FM
Kenya: the shameful truth about British colonial abuse and how it was covered up » Capital News
More

theeastafrican.co.ke
Truth about British colonial abuse in Kenya, how it was covered up - The EastAfrican
By  THE CONVERSATION It is fairly well known that the lives of hundreds of thousands of Kenyans were affected by terrible acts of violence under the British colonial administration. The British gover...

uca.edu
2. British Kenya (1920-1963)
Conflict Phase (September 26, 1952-January 12, 1960): Members of the Mau Mau Society led by Dedan Kimathi Waciuri began a armed rebellion against the British government on September 26, 1952.  Mau Mau...

theafricanmirror.africa
Kenya at 60: the shameful truth about British colonial abuse and how it was covered up - The African Mirror
VIOLENCE IN DETENTION I identified flash-points of violence which revealed the brutality of the colonial detention regime. One of these, known as screening, occurred when an entire village or commun...

khrc.or.ke
Mau Mau Case: Dealing With Past Colonial Injustices
MAU MAU CASE: DEALING WITH PAST COLONIAL INJUSTICES Image KHRC 23 July 2012 Press Release 5 minute read By KHRC * The Kenyan victims of alleged torture at the hands of the British Government dur...

museumofbritishcolonialism.org
Afterlives - Kenya | MBC
REMEMBERING BOTH THE SCHOOLS IN NYERI COUNTY AND THE MUSEUM IN KAPENGURIA ARE IMPORTANT SITES IN THE MEMORY OF BRITISH REPRESSION OF KENYA’S INDEPENDENCE STRUGGLE. BUT MANY DIFFERENT GROUPS WERE INVO...

museumofbritishcolonialism.org
Anti-Blackness and Colonial Detention | MBC
HEALTH & WELFARE c/o: Museum of British Colonialism Image > “It would be mild irony to state that welfare amenities are inadequate at [Manyani] for, in fact, such amenities do not exist at all.” –...

museumofbritishcolonialism.org
Kenya: The Mau Mau Emergency | MBC
AGUTHI WORKS CAMP (KANGUBIRI GIRLS HIGH SCHOOL) Aguthi was one of a number of work camps in the Central Region used to detain individuals and families considered to have ‘soft’ Mau Mau sympathies. Th...

wsws.org
Mau-Mau verdict exposes crimes of British imperialism in Kenya - World Socialist Web Site
English International Committee of the Fourth International (ICFI) MenuSearch International Committee of the Fourth International (ICFI) LatestProfile * Perspectives * World * Global class strugg...

wsws.org
Guatemalan establishment indifferent to deaths of US incarcerated migrant children - World Socialist Web Site
Foreign Minister Jovel issued an ultimatum on Monday giving the UN body 24 hours to leave the country. Undoubtedly, Morales wants Trump’s blessings regarding the CICIG, which had been investigating h...

wsws.org
Hundreds of migrants in ICE custody go “missing” as deportees are jailed in El Salvador’s “terrorism” prison - World Socialist Web Site
English International Committee of the Fourth International (ICFI) MenuSearch International Committee of the Fourth International (ICFI) LatestProfile * Perspectives * World * Global class strugg...

historiesofcolour.co.uk
The “Mau Mau” Rebellion – Histories of Colour
histofcolour African History, Anti-Colonialism, British Empire, East Africa, Settler Colonialism 4th October 20245th October 2024 BRITISH SETTLER COLONIALISM IN KENYA With the creation of the Brit...

leighday.co.uk
The Mau Mau claims
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND THE ROLE OF EXPERT HISTORIANS The full extent of the abuses committed by the British colonial administration during the Kenya Emergency (1952-1960) has only recently been under...

ucl.ac.uk
Archaeology of Internment in Kenya During the Mau Mau Uprising | UCL Faculty of Social & Historical Sciences
ARCHAEOLOGY OF INTERNMENT IN KENYA DURING THE MAU MAU UPRISING Gabriel Moshenska (UCL Institute of Archaeology) has been awarded British Academy funding for his research on the Mau Mau rebellion (195...

ucl.ac.uk
Archaeology of Internment in Kenya During the Mau Mau Uprising | Institute of Archaeology - UCL – University College London
ARCHAEOLOGY OF INTERNMENT IN KENYA DURING THE MAU MAU UPRISING 21 November 2022 Gabriel Moshenska (UCL Institute of Archaeology) has been awarded British Academy funding for his research on the Mau...

nofi.media
7 shameful examples of concentration camps created for black people
7 SHAMEFUL EXAMPLES OF CONCENTRATION CAMPS CREATED FOR BLACK PEOPLE History 8 April 2025 From Mississippi to Namibia, from Australia to Kenya, a look back at seven concentration camps where history...

invisiblymisdiagnosed.com
AIQ- A Global Perspective – InvisiblY MisdiagnoseD
HOW MANY PEOPLE ARE BEING PLACED IN AMERICAN CONCENTRATION CAMPS DAILY? HOW MANY DIE THERE DAILY? As of mid-2025, the U.S. immigration detention system—what many advocates and historians refer to as...

mg.co.za
A forgotten history – The Mail & Guardian
Concentration camps were used by the Germans in South West Africa, writes Casper W Erichsen In a recent M-Net documentary, Scorched Earth, an array of historians described how the deplorable and inhu...

sahistory.org.za
Black Concentration Camps during the Second Anglo-Boer War, 1900-1902 | South African History Online
BLACK CONCENTRATION CAMPS DURING THE SECOND ANGLO-BOER WAR, 1900-1902 Published 7 August 2019Updated 27 August 2019 Cite This Page While the two main forces in the Anglo-Boer War 2 were White, it w...
torrensislandinternmentcamp.com.au
A FUTURE UNLIVED. A history of the internment of German Enemy Aliens on Torrens Island.
> Shark Island Concentration Camp > Windhoek Concentration Camp > Okahandja Concentration Camp > Karibib > Swakopmund Concentration Camp > Omaruru > Luderitz World War I In World War I male (and some...

laphamsquarterly.org
Enemy Aliens | Lapham’s Quarterly
Spain established the first camps in colonial Cuba in 1896. Rural populations were forced into urban camps to cut off guerrillas from local aid. Their crops burned and homes lost, families slowly star...

thecasualobserver.co.za
Port Elizabeth of Yore: Concentration Camps and Refugees during the Boer War - The Casual Observer
Unusually, the sexes were separated for there was a small camp for men and a second, larger area, for women, both heavily fenced and guarded. Dr Franks believed, probably wrongly, that the sentries we...
iwm.org.uk
Civilian Internment Camps In The Far East During World War 2
Skip to main content Over 130,000 Allied civilians - 50,000 men, 42,000 women and 40,000 children - were interned in East Asia during the Second World War. The majority of them were Dutch nationals f...
1914-1918-online.net
Prisoners of War (Africa)
INTERNMENT IN GERMANY Among the imperial powers, France was the only country that deployed Africans as combatants in Europe, and these served mainly on the Western Front, but also at the Macedonian F...
kenyanhistory.com
The British Concentration Camps in Kenya -
In the 1950s, the British Empire fought its final and most violent colonial war in Kenya. What began as a counterinsurgency against the Mau Mau uprising turned into one of the largest systems of mass...

scribd.com
Guatemala 2023 Human Rights Report | PDF | Prison | Refugee
In May, the Constitutional Court granted an injunction for one of the victims’ organizations, the Coordinating Group of Victims of Alta Verapaz, whose participation in the process was previously denie...

globaldetentionproject.org
United States Immigration Detention Profile – Global Detention Project | Mapping immigration detention around the world
DETENTION STATISTICS MIGRATION DETAINEE ENTRIES REPORTED DETAINEE POPULATION (DAY) 57,816 29 June 2025 2025 36,603 5 May 2024 2024 26,898 26 March 2023 2023 30,001 20 November 202...

globaldetentionproject.org
Guatemala Immigration Detention Profile – Global Detention Project | Mapping immigration detention around the world
GUATEMALA Image Featured Report Detains migrants or asylum seekers? Yes Has laws regulating migration-related detention? Yes Refugees 1,306 2024 Asylum Applications 3,370 2024 Internation...

globaldetentionproject.org
Submission to the Committee against Torture: Guatemala - Global Detention Project | Mapping immigration detention around the world
In its 2019 concluding observations, the CMW expressed concern regarding the insufficient disaggregated statistics on inter alia, migrant workers in an irregular situation and migrant workers in deten...
culturalsurvival.org
Guatemalan Refugees in Mexico | Cultural Survival
No one knows how many refugees there are in Chiapas. COMAR and the UNHCR observer say 37,000, while the church estimates about 45,000 for the approximately 70 camps that are located in the jungle and...

struggle-la-lucha.org
Behind Guatemalan youth’s death in ICE detention camp – Struggle – La Lucha
September 23, 2025 Bartolom; Hern;ndez with photo of his son Carlos, who died in ICE custody in May 2019. New information has come forward about the May 20 death of a child–16-year-old Carlos Gregor...

laprogressive.com
The Deadly Toll Migration Takes - LA Progressive
Image: Deadly Toll Migration Takes Migrants traveling to the U.S. are blocked by the Mexican National Guard near the border between Guatemala and Mexico. PHOTO: Jose Cabezas / Reuters Planet Earth i...
umn.edu
University of Minnesota Human Rights Library
3. Technically, the Government of Mexico regards these persons as “visitors” rather than “refugees,” and issues them work permits as such. On the whole, the displaced persons live in 28 camps or zones...



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Links

Citations

PBS
Crucible of Empire - PBS Online

Wikipedia
Reconcentration policy
October 8, 2025

Wikipedia
Mucubal people
May 29, 2025

Scribd
Angola | PDF
Phnom Penh Post
;The forgotten story of Khmer prisoners in colonial Con Dao prison;
More
historicalthinkingmatters.org
Historical Thinking Matters: Spanish-American War
SOURCES RECONCENTRATION CAMPS Head Note: By the late 1800;s, the Spanish were losing control of their colony, Cuba. Concerned about guerilla warfare in the countryside, they moved rural Cubans to "r...
historicalthinkingmatters.org
Historical Thinking Matters: Spanish-American War
SOURCES RECONCENTRATION CAMPS (FULL TEXT) Head Note: By the late 1800’s, the Spanish were losing control of their colony, Cuba. Concerned about guerilla warfare in the countryside, they moved rural...
historicalthinkingmatters.org
Historical Thinking Matters: Spanish-American War
INVESTIGATE: Why did the United States invade Cuba? (Read each source below, then answer the questions in the notebook. Ask your teacher for an inquiry organizer worksheet to help you think about the...
historicalthinkingmatters.org
Historical Thinking Matters: Spanish-American War
INVESTIGATE: Why did the United States invade Cuba? (Read each source below, then answer the questions in the notebook. Ask your teacher for an inquiry organizer worksheet to help you think about the...

uc.pt
Tarrafal - Mem;rias do Campo da Morte Lenta
COLONIAL LEGACIES IN TIMES OF 'BLACK LIVES MATTER' CES Public Interventions Tarrafal - Mem;rias do Campo da Morte Lenta Diana Andringa Documentary ABOUT They called it "The Slow Death Camp"; the...

kritikpunkt.com
Kritikpunkt | Cuba: In spite of everything.
1.1 “GET OUT OF HERE!” On February 24, 1895, insurgents gathered in Matanzas, Granma, Guant;namo, Holgu;n and Baire (the uprising is known in Cuba as the “Cry of Baire”) under the unification of the...

samilhistory.com
Debunking the myth that the British invented the ‘concentration camp’ | The Observation Post
A rebellion had broken out in Cuba, then a Spanish colony in 1895.  The rebels, outnumbered by Spanish government troops, turned to guerrilla warfare (and here another myth which says the Boer’s inven...

udel.edu
Vol 14 No 2 Tahbaz
Internees performed a variety of agricultural tasks, ranging from picking boniato (sweet potato), yucca, and fruit to tearing down marab;,14 applying fertilizer, and weeding. Nonetheless, internees we...

timesmojo.com
Why were the Spanish putting Cubans into Reconcentration camps? - TimesMojo
WHY WERE THE SPANISH PUTTING CUBANS INTO RECONCENTRATION CAMPS? On: July 7, 2022 Asked by: Amelia Schuppe Unlike many concentration camps in the twentieth century, the idea was to keep the Cuban ci...

talkafricana.com
Tarrafal Concentration Camp: The ‘Camp of Slow Death’ Where Portugal Imprisoned African Freedom Fighters in the 1960s - TalkAfricana
Black History, Culture, and Rankings - TalkAfricana History Updated: June 16, 2025 TARRAFAL CONCENTRATION CAMP: THE ‘CAMP OF SLOW DEATH’ WHERE PORTUGAL IMPRISONED AFRICAN FREEDOM FIGHTERS IN THE 19...

antimafia.at
The British Empire - an island full of lies :: Antimafia
The British Empire - an island full of lies 13/07/2024 HISTORY IS WRITTEN BY THE WINNERS... In recent years, I have been dealing with history differently. I am not looking in ordinary history boo...

wordorigins.org
concentration camp — Wordorigins.org
Menu Gate at the Auschwitz concentration camp 31 January 2025 (Updated 13 July 2025 with the citations from the Hansard database and the Guardian) One might, with some justification, think that th...
latinamericanstudies.org
Spain's Reconcentrado policy in Cuba (The Cuban Holocaust)
Image | Spain's Reconcentrado policy in Cuba 1896-97 (The Cuban Holocaust)   | Image Click on the pictures Colon Cemetery, Havana, Cuba, 1898 | 225,000 Cuban civilians died in 18 months 1896-9...

worldheritagesite.org
Tarrafal Concentration Camp By Wojciech Fedoruk
First published: 07/08/18. WOJCIECH FEDORUK 1 TARRAFAL CONCENTRATION CAMP Tarrafal Concentration Camp (Nominated) Image Tarrafal Concentration Camp by Wojciech Fedoruk From the perspective of Pra...

worldheritagesite.org
Tarrafal Concentration Camp By Els Slots
First published: 25/02/25. ELS SLOTS 1 TARRAFAL CONCENTRATION CAMP Tarrafal Concentration Camp (Nominated) Image Tarrafal Concentration Camp by Els Slots Like Cidade Velha WHS, the Tarrafal Conce...
nih.gov
Mortality among displaced former UNITA members and their families in Angola: a retrospective cluster survey - PMC
INTRODUCTION In Angola, 27 years of civil war between the ruling Movimento Popular de Liberta;;o de Angola (MPLA) and the Uni;o Nacional para a Independ;ncia Total de Angola (UNITA) movement were ten...

nih.gov
The Demographic Analysis of Mortality Crises: The Case of Cambodia, 1970-1979 - Forced Migration & Mortality - NCBI Bookshelf
Warning: The NCBI web site requires JavaScript to function. more... BOOKSHELF NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. National Research Counc...

unl.pt
The Penal Origins of Colonial Model Villages: From Aborted Concentration Camps to Forced Resettlement in Angola (1930–1969) - Universidade NOVA de Lisboa
* Skip to main navigation * Skip to search * Skip to main content THE PENAL ORIGINS OF COLONIAL MODEL VILLAGES: FROM ABORTED CONCENTRATION CAMPS TO FORCED RESETTLEMENT IN ANGOLA (1930–1969) Bernardo...
mongabay.com
Laos - HISTORY
They included Camp 01 at Sop Hao; Camp 03 near Na Kai, newly given the Pali name Viangxai, meaning "Victorious Town"; Camp 05 near Muang Xamteu; and Camps 04 and 06 near Muang Et, all in Houaphan. A c...

capeverdeislands.org
Concentration camp Tarrafal (Santiago, Cape Verde)
Courtyard of concentration camp Tarrafal Tarrafal is known as a coastal town in the north of the island of Santiago. The beautiful beach in the moon-shaped bay and the palm trees are a good place to...

hpip.org
HPIP
CONCENTRATION CAMP CONCENTRATION CAMP TARRAFAL, SANTIAGO ISLAND, CAPE VERDE EQUIPMENT AND INFRASTRUCTURES The Tarrafal Concentration Camp was established by decree of the 23rd April 1936 and was a...

futuress.org
Embargoed Memories
What type of person was Celestino Sezinando Baptista? Accounts of his life are conflicting. According to my mother, her grandfather, my other great-grandfather, profoundly disliked him. As a young cad...

scribd.com
Angola | PDF | Angola | Unita
IN 1925, AN EXPEDITION TO ANGOLA WAS CONDUCTED BY AMERICAN NATURALIST explorer Arthur Stannard Vernay. Between 1939 and 1943, Portuguese army operations against the Mucubal, who they accused of rebe...
cambridge.org
The Dep;sito de Degredados in Luanda, Angola: Binding and Building the Portuguese Empire with Convict Labour, 1880s to 1932 | International Review of Social History | Cambridge Core
AN URBAN PENAL COLONY AND ITS INMATES The typical penal colony in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries was located in a remote setting, often on an island far away from urban populations. Juan Fern...
mekong.net
Kampuchea: A Demographic Catastrophe
To locate documents pertaining to Cambodia, go to the Search page (http://www.cia.gov/search) and search for Kampuchea or Cambodia. Many thanks to Nathan Folkert for transcribing the original documen...

academia-lab.com
Democratic Kampuchea _ AcademiaLab
In 1975, with the victory of the Khmer Rouge, the population estimate was 7.2 million people, that is, the growth is minimal in relation to the 1970 data. This means that an average of 1.7 million of...

nationalacademies.org
The Demographic Analysis of Mortality Crises: The Case of Cambodia, 1970-1979 | Forced Migration and Mortality | The National Academies Press
Estimates were derived from these data by the methods discussed in the next section but they vary tremendously, with respect to overall mortality as well as to the particular contribution of the execu...

x.com
X
* Context: After Vietnam’s 1979 invasion ousted the Khmer Rouge, the Vietnamese-installed Heng Samrin regime (USSR-backed) faced anti-communist resistance from Khmer Rouge remnants, U.S./China-backed...

le.ac.uk
Convicts from French Indochina in the Global French Empire – Convicts, Creolization and Cosmopolitanism in the British and French Empires
Throughout the ninety-year French colonization of Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos (1863-1954), approximately eight thousand prisoners were exiled to twelve different geographical locations the length and b...

cambodiadaily.com
Wartime Prison Camps Portended End of an Era - The Cambodia Daily
The Cambodia DailyAll the news without fear or favor News WARTIME PRISON CAMPS PORTENDED END OF AN ERA December 9, 2015 by Michelle Vachon In early December 1945, 70 years ago this month, Jean Es...

dailyinfo.co.uk
Reply to: Tel/Fax: 01865-721892
All access to medicines or medical treatment has been and still is completely denied. In addition to the starvation diet the three men have constantly received both physical and psychological torture...

researchgate.net
(PDF) The Genocides in Cambodia, 1975–1979
214,220. ben kiernan 532 https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108767118.023 Published online by Cambridge University Press The Death Toll From April 1975 to January 1979, Cambodia’s1975 population of 7.9m...

commentary.org
After the Dominoes Fell – Commentary Magazine
Journalist Theodore Jacquenay, who interviewed former prisoners, reports that “camp inmates commonly suffer from limb paralysis, vision loss, and infectious skin diseases like scabies caused by long-t...



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Links

Citations

New African Magazine
Herero/Nama genocide timeline - New African Magazine

Namibian Sun
Narrate Shark Island story fully - Riruako - Namibian Sun
originalpeople.org
Herero And Namaqua Genocide – Originalpeople.org

AP News
Namibia holds its first genocide remembrance day to mark mass killings by colonial ruler Germany
May 28, 2025 — Namibia held its first genocide remembrance day on May 28, 2025, marking the mass killings of the Herero and Nama people by German colonial forces between 1904 and 1908. The national holiday was commemorated with a ceremony at the national Parliament gardens in Windhoek. During the genocide, tens of thousands were either massacred or died in concentration camps, under the command of General Lothar von Trotha. Historians recognize this as the first genocide of the 20th century, with approximately 65,000 Herero and at least 10,000 Nama killed. Germany acknowledged the atrocities as genocide in 2021 and pledged €1.1 billion over 30 years for development projects in Namibia, but the Namibian government continues to demand formal reparations and additional compensation. President Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah highlighted the suffering and resilience of the affected communities during the remembrance. May 28 was selected for this observance as it marks the date Germany ordered the closure of the concentration camps. The remembrance ceremony included symbolic candle lighting and was attended by leaders and descendants of the Herero and Nama peoples. Germany had previously returned human remains taken for racial research in 2018. Namibia, under German rule from 1884 to 1915, gained independence from South Africa in 1990.

Encyclopedia Britannica
German-Herero conflict of 1904–07 | Genocide, Imperialism, Colonialism, Reparations, & South West Africa | Britannica

bia.gov
Federal Indian Boarding School Initiative

americanbar.org
Forgotten Children of Indian Boarding Schools and a Route to Healing

Anadolu Ajans;
More than 3,100 Native American children died in US boarding schools: Report

The Washington Post
Indian boarding school deaths, burial sites far exceed U.S. government counts - Washington Post
More

washingtonpost.com
More than 900 Native American children died while at Indian boarding schools in U.S. - The Washington Post
Accessibility statementSkip to main content Democracy Dies in Darkness Democracy Dies in Darkness By Dana Hedgpeth and Sari Horwitz More than 900 Native American children died while being forced...

indiatimes.com
At least 3,100 Native Americans died in US boarding schools, higher than govt figures: Report - Times of India
* News * World News * US News * At least 3,100 Native Americans died in US boarding schools, higher than govt figures: Report Trending AT LEAST 3,100 NATIVE AMERICANS DIED IN US BOARDING SCHOOLS, HI...

sahistory.org.za
Black Concentration Camps during the Second Anglo-Boer War, 1900-1902 | South African History Online
BLACK CONCENTRATION CAMPS DURING THE SECOND ANGLO-BOER WAR, 1900-1902 Published 7 August 2019Updated 27 August 2019 Cite This Page While the two main forces in the Anglo-Boer War 2 were White, it w...

sahistory.org.za
Timeline of the German and Herero, Nama War and Genocide | South African History Online
TIMELINE OF THE GERMAN AND HERERO, NAMA WAR AND GENOCIDE Published 29 June 2015Updated 6 January 2023 Cite This Page 1904 6 January, The settler Frau Sonnenberg tells German soldiers stationed at...

tbsnews.net
At least 3,100 Native Americans died in US boarding schools: report
At least 3,100 Native Americans died in US boarding schools: report | The Business Standard THE NUMBER OF NATIVE AMERICANS WHO DIED IN US BOARDING SCHOOLS IS AT LEAST TRIPLE THE OFFICIAL GOVERNMENT F...

indianexpress.com
Investigation finds at least 973 Native American children died in abusive US boarding schools | World News - The Indian Express
skip to content Premium This is an archive article published on July 31, 2024 INVESTIGATION FINDS AT LEAST 973 NATIVE AMERICAN CHILDREN DIED IN ABUSIVE US BOARDING SCHOOLS DONOVAN ARCHAMBAULT, 85,...

counter-investigations.org
German Colonial Genocide In Namibia: Shark Island ; Forensis
Since 2022, Forensis and Forensic Architecture (FA) have worked with Nama and Ovaherero leadership groups in Namibia to examine sites related to the 1904-1908 genocide perpetrated by the German colon...

wordpress.com
Namibia « History, Archaeology, Folklore and so on
The precise number of deaths at the camp are unknown. A report by the German Imperial Colonial Office estimated 7,682 Herero and 2,000 Nama dead at all camps in German South-West Africa,^{[26]} of w...

nit.com.au
True number of Native American children who died in... | National Indigenous Times
Open menu Search news Native American children at boarding school. Image: Seattle Times. Between 1828 and 1970, 3,104 Indigenous American children died at boarding schools run under policy to sepa...

qatar-tribune.com
Herero and Nama unveil memorial to victims of colonial-era genocide - Read Qatar Tribune on the go for unrivalled news coverage
HERERO AND NAMA UNVEIL MEMORIAL TO VICTIMS OF COLONIAL-ERA GENOCIDE * 23/04/2023 * / * World + A A - Qatar tribune dpa Windhoek Descendants of the Herero and Nama people killed in a campaign of...

aljazeera.com
Nearly 1,000 Indigenous children died in US boarding schools, report finds | Indigenous Rights News | Al Jazeera
A list of names of Indigenous students who attended the Ramona Industrial School in Santa Fe, New Mexico, is seen at the Center for Southwest Research at the University of New Mexico in 2021 [File: Su...

en-academic.com
Herero and Namaqua Genocide
During the war a number of people from the Cape (in modern day South Africa), strapped for money, sought employment as transport riders for German troops in Namibia. Upon their return to the Cape some...

aa.com.tr
US identifies 50+ burial sites, 500 deaths at Indigenous boarding schools
Americas US IDENTIFIES 50+ BURIAL SITES, 500 DEATHS AT INDIGENOUS BOARDING SCHOOLS NUMBERS EXPECTED TO GROW EXPONENTIALLY AS INVESTIGATION CONTINUES Darren Lyn  | 11.05.2022 - Update : 12.05.2022...

thefreelibrary.com
Namibia's island of death: Shark Island, off Namibia's coastal town of Luderitz, was the venue of a brutal concentration camp during German colonial rule. Casper W. Erichsen, an alumnus of the University of Namibia, writes about an island of suffering and death. - Free Online Library
To amplify the point that Luderitz' infrastructure was built with concentration camp labour, carried out without recourse to proper nutrition and medical facilities, the statistics of the railway work...

edweek.org
Native American Children Endured Brutal Treatment in U.S. Boarding Schools, Federal Report Shows
Her agency's report documents harmful conditions, deaths, and physical punishment for Native American students forced to attend federal boarding schools. Michael Woods/AP * Remove Save to favorites...

the-journal.com
At least 95 Indigenous children died in federal boarding schools in New Mexico - The Journal
AT LEAST 95 INDIGENOUS CHILDREN DIED IN FEDERAL BOARDING SCHOOLS IN NEW MEXICO By Bella Davis New Mexico In Depth Tuesday, Aug 6, 2024 11:21 AM Updated Wednesday, Aug. 7, 2024 5:51 PM Albuquerque I...

newafricanmagazine.com
Uncovering the German genocide of the Namibian people - New African Magazine
In January 1904, Ovaherero, in a surprise attack, killed more than 100 German farmers to resist further encroachment of their land and subjugation under foreign rule. Following an order by chief Samue...

ihr.org
The Boer War Remembered
In a report to members of Parliament, Hobhouse described conditions in one camp she had visited: note 25 > … A six month old baby [is] gasping its life out on its mother’s knee. Next [tent]: a child...

sky.com
Belgium's brutal colonialism: Riches that came from Congolese blood | World News | Sky News
Opinion BELGIUM'S BRUTAL COLONIALISM: RICHES THAT CAME FROM CONGOLESE BLOOD Jean-Claude Ilunga lives in Belgium but is Congolese by birth and says it is time for the former rulers to apologise to Co...
hrw.org
Belgium – Moving from Regrets to Reparations | Human Rights Watch
Click to expand Image Demonstrators stand on the statue of Leopold II as one of them holds a national flag of the Democratic Republic of Congo during a protest for the end of racial injustice in Brus...

pacificatrocities.org
The Untold Stories of Pacific Theater of World War II - Pacific Atrocities Education
During the conflict, the total number of POWs from the United States, the United Kingdom, and Korea who were captured by the German and Italian armies amounted to 237,473, with approximately 4 percent...

oikoumene.org
"Massacres committed in Africa during colonial times" | World Council of Churches
King Leopold II of Belgium promised a humanitarian and philanthropic mission that would improve the lives of Africans. In return, European leaders, meeting at the Berlin Conference, granted him 2m; (7...
globaltimes.cn
Internment camps show Japanese mistreatment of foreigners - Global Times
HOME >> WORLD INTERNMENT CAMPS SHOW JAPANESE MISTREATMENT OF FOREIGNERS Source:Xinhua Published: 2014-9-3 16:01:49 * * * When Briton Betty Barr wrote to her friends in Dallas of the United States...
globaltimes.cn
War secrets unveiled - Global Times
HOME >> METRO SHANGHAI WAR SECRETS UNVEILED Source:Global Times Published: 2015-9-7 18:53:01 * * * MAP SHOWS THE LOCATIONS OF JAPANESE INTERNMENT CAMPS IN SHANGHAI * * * Image The sites of for...

urba-kbau.be
Holocaust - Urba Kbau
FAQ'S DID A “FORGOTTEN HOLOCAUST” HAPPEN DURING THE INDEPENDENT FREE STATE OF CONGO (IFS) PERIOD? Would one, 10, 12 or 13 million Congolese have perished during Leopold II’s rule over Congo Free Sta...

mg.co.za
A forgotten history – The Mail & Guardian
Concentration camps were used by the Germans in South West Africa, writes Casper W Erichsen In a recent M-Net documentary, Scorched Earth, an array of historians described how the deplorable and inhu...

wilsoncenter.org
Author Hochschild Recounts Lost History of Horror in the Belgian Congo | Wilson Center
Skip to main content * Congressionally Chartered. Scholarship Driven. Fiercely Nonpartisan. * Show/Hide Sitewide Search Field * Support Reported by Mary-Lea Cox When the day of reckoning comes for...

jiaponline.org
American POWs of Japan: The Numbers
MONDAY, JULY 18, 2011 THE NUMBERS According the Center For Research Allied POWS Under The Japanese: Over 500 Japanese POW camps and civilian internment camps for American and Allied nationals stret...
amandala.com.bz
Leopold II: Belgium “wakes up” to its bloody colonial past | Amandala Newspaper
Colony built on forced labour and brutality “Civilisation” was at the core of Leopold II’s pitch to European leaders in 1885 when they sliced up and allocated territories in what became known as the S...

nofi.media
7 shameful examples of concentration camps created for black people
Image: 7 exemples honteux de camps de concentration cr;;s pour les NoirsThe barracks inside a fort in Natchez, around 1864. The barracks, or refugee camps, were built using repurposed materials from...

mediadiversified.org
The Ghost of King Leopold II Still Haunts Us – Media Diversified
Adam Hochschild gives a historical accounting of King Leopold’s actions (4). The King made the Congo his own personal colony in 1885 and shortly thereafter began making a fortune by constructing rubbe...
torrensislandinternmentcamp.com.au
A FUTURE UNLIVED. A history of the internment of German Enemy Aliens on Torrens Island.
Altogether, 116,572 Boers were interned, roughly a quarter of the population This was done as part of a scorched earth policy to deny the Boer guerrillas access to the supplies of food and clothing th...

wsws.org
Belgium's imperialist rape of Africa - World Socialist Web Site
English International Committee of the Fourth International (ICFI) MenuSearch International Committee of the Fourth International (ICFI) LatestProfile * Perspectives * World * Global class strugg...

china.org.cn
35 mln Chinese died during 14-year Japanese invasion- China.org.cn
35 MLN CHINESE DIED DURING 14-YEAR JAPANESE INVASION Image0 Comment(s)ImagePrintImage E-mail China Daily, July 15, 2015 Adjust font size: ImageImage Numbers tell a story of their own • Over the 14...

tangietwoods.blog
Leopold II of Belgium Congo Genocide – MRS. T’S CORNER
Missionary John Harris of Baringa was so shocked by what he had encountered that he wrote to Leopold’s chief agent in Congo, saying: I have just returned from a journey inland to the village of Insong...

laphamsquarterly.org
Enemy Aliens | Lapham’s Quarterly
Spain established the first camps in colonial Cuba in 1896. Rural populations were forced into urban camps to cut off guerrillas from local aid. Their crops burned and homes lost, families slowly star...

twitter.com
X
* Estimates: Some sources lump the entire Belgian colonial period (1885–1960) together, suggesting up to 10 million deaths, but this likely double-counts Leopold’s era. * Context: The Belgian Congo sa...

thesouthafrican.com
Concentration camps in the South African War: Here are the facts
The scandalous campaign is back in the news following controversial comments by British Conservative MP Jacob Rees-Mogg on a BBC television programme. Rees-Mogg’s statements have caused consternatio...

brusselstimes.com
The ultimate taboo? What Belgium teaches children about its colony in Congo
THE ULTIMATE TABOO? WHAT BELGIUM TEACHES CHILDREN ABOUT ITS COLONY IN CONGO While Belgium and its former King Leopold II are infamous for their colonial atrocities in Congo, many Belgian children are...

ihrc.org.uk
GMD Memorial Essay, March 2010: Congo by Fahad Ansari - IHRC
A war of words ensued with Leopold attempting to provide an alternative narrative to what was occurring in the CFS.  Leopold commissioned books, bribed journalists, and established propaganda offices...
nih.gov
Epidemiological Isolation May Explain Differences in Historical Respiratory Infectious Disease Mortality - PMC
MEASLES IN SOUTH AFRICAN CHILDREN The Dutch East Indies Company established Cape Town in the seventeenth century as a South African base for its operations in Indonesia. Dutch settlers (Boers) spread...

nih.gov
The Evolution of Mortality Among Rwandan Refugees in Zaire Between 1994 and 1997 - Forced Migration & Mortality - NCBI Bookshelf
MORTALITY IN THE CAMPS ALONG THE UBUNDU-KISANGANI RAILWAY By the end of February 1997, the AFDL forces reached Tingi Tingi, and most of the refugees fled to the west, in the direction of Ubundu and K...
parliament.uk
SOUTH AFRICAN WAR—MORTALITY IN CAMPS OF DETENTION. (Hansard, 17 June 1901)
About three weeks ago the hon. Member for East Mayo and myself called attention to this subject, but the facts which have been revealed since showed that we considerably understated the case at that t...

africanliberty.org
How 48,000 Died in Concentration Camps During The Boer War in South Africa | Fransjohan Pretorius
HOW 48,000 DIED IN CONCENTRATION CAMPS DURING THE BOER WAR IN SOUTH AFRICA * April 8, 2019 * author: Fransjohan Pretorius More than a century after 48,000 people died in concentration camps in what’...

up.ac.za
Concentration camps in the South African War? Here are the real facts | University of Pretoria
CONCENTRATION CAMPS IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN WAR? HERE ARE THE REAL FACTS More than a century after 48 000 people died in concentration camps in what’s known as the South African War between 1899 and 190...
chinafamilies.net
Civilian internees of the Japanese – China families
ChinaFamilies CIVILIAN INTERNEES OF THE JAPANESE Children, Lunghua Civilian Assembly Centre, Shanghai, Historical Photographs of China project, Tocher collection to-s17© 2013 Susannah Stapleton Bet...

x.com
X
* Context: Japan’s Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) killed 10–20 million Chinese (civilians and combatants), with 35 million injured (Wikipedia). The CCP, backed by the USSR via Comintern advisors...
necrometrics.com
Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls
* In China and Korea * Nanking Massacre, 13 Dec. 1937-Feb. 38: * Spence, The Search for Modern China: 42,000 * Gilbert: >200,000 civilians and 90,000 POWs * Dict.Wars: 200,000 * Rummel: 200,000 * P. J...

kuchewar.com
World War II casualties - kuchewar
* The Japanese Central Liaison Office reported in July 1947 to the Allied occupation authorities that Japanese military dead in 1935–1945 were 1,687,738(1,340,700 Army and 347,038 Navy)^{} * The Yasuk...

sciencespo.fr
Japanese mass violence and its victims in the Fifteen Years War (1931-45) | Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network
*** (Brook, 1999, Fujiwara, 1997: 54-74, Ishida, 2006: 170, Kasahara, 1997: 201-232, Rabe, 1998, Yamamoto, 2000: 234-281, Yoshida, 2006: 11-26) December 1937 The (first?) Japanese military brothel (...

militaryhistorynow.com
WW2's Forgotten Front – 10 Chilling Facts About the Sino-Japanese War - MilitaryHistoryNow.com
7. JAPANESE GENOCIDES NEARLY WIPED OUT WHOLE ETHNIC MINORITIES IN CHINA Small, nomadic groups such as the Oroqen and the Hezhen were not spared from torment by the Japanese military. Members of the O...
kgbudge.com
The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia: Internment
Image  The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia | * * * Previous: Internal Combustion Engine Repair Ships (ARG) | Table of Contents | Next: Iowa Class, U.S. Battleships * * * INTERNMENT Image:




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Links

Citations

JAMA Network
Factors Associated With Poor Mental Health Among Guatemalan Refugees Living in Mexico 20 Years After Civil Conflict | Global Health | JAMA | JAMA Network
culturalsurvival.org
Uprooted Mayan Children | Cultural Survival

Schools for Chiapas
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opensocietyfoundations.org
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migrationpolicy.org
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nih.gov
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refworld.org
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scribd.com
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verangola.net
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jewishvirtuallibrary.org
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le.ac.uk
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ww2f.com
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talkafricana.com
Tarrafal Concentration Camp: The ‘Camp of Slow Death’ Where Portugal Imprisoned African Freedom Fighters in the 1960s - TalkAfricana
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esquerda.net
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Full History Of Angola In Timeline From 1925 - Popular Timelines
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unl.pt
The Penal Origins of Colonial Model Villages: From Aborted Concentration Camps to Forced Resettlement in Angola (1930–1969) - Universidade NOVA de Lisboa
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futuress.org
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What type of person was Celestino Sezinando Baptista? Accounts of his life are conflicting. According to my mother, her grandfather, my other great-grandfather, profoundly disliked him. As a young cad...

openedition.org
«I escaped in a coffin». Remembering Angolan Forced Labor from the 1940s
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Citations
culturalsurvival.org
Guatemalan Refugees in Camps Outside the Lacandon Forests | Cultural Survival
ictj.org
Court Finds Belgium Guilty of ‘Crimes Against Humanity’ for Kidnapping Children in Colonial Congo | International Center for Transitional Justice

The Cambodia Daily
Wartime Prison Camps Portended End of an Era - The Cambodia Daily

OpenEdition Journals
Between Colony and Metropole: Repatriation of Vietnamese Workers from Post-war France
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gaic.info
Camp Blanding, Starke, Florida - German American Internee Coalition
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gaic.info
San Jos;, Costa Rica - German American Internee Coalition
SAN JOS;, COSTA RICA * * * INTERNMENT CAMPS * Forest Camps * Internment and Detention Facilities Overview and Map * Latin American Detention Facilities * State Department Related Sites: Hotels and...

euronews.com
Belgium found guilty of crimes against humanity for kidnappings in colonial Congo | Euronews
* Go to navigation * Go to main content * Go to search * Go to footer By Kieran Guilbert Published on 03/12/2024 - 12:37 GMT+1 BELGIAN COURT ORDERS THE STATE TO PAY DAMAGES TO FIVE MIXED-RACE WOMEN...
cambridge.org
Colonial labour in French policy: A case study of the L;nh th; sent from Vietnam to France, 1939–1950s | Journal of Southeast Asian Studies | Cambridge Core
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politico.eu
Court finds Belgium guilty of ‘crimes against humanity’ for kidnapping children in colonial Congo – POLITICO
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usf.edu
Digitizing Memories: The Virtualization of the Japanese-American Internment Camp Amache
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amnesty.org.uk
Belgium convicted of crimes against humanity in Colonial Congo
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tribune.com.pk
Belgium found guilty of colonial abuses against Congo
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sagepub.com
Sage Reference - The SAGE Encyclopedia of Surveillance, Security, and Privacy - Internment Camps
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schoolsforchiapas.org
Guatemala in Chiapas at Sendas - Schools for Chiapas
Guatemala in Chiapas at Sendas Although the full extent of the barbarism of the armed conflict in Guatemala will never be known, the investigation that resulted in the 3,500-page report “Guatemala, M...
usc.edu
Guatemalan Genocide - USC Shoah Foundation Visual History Archive - Research Guides at University of Southern California
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usc.edu
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pbi-guatemala.org
“That history is alive, and we have not forgotten it”: The Los Josefinos massacre | PBI Guatemala
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britannica.com
Belgian Congo | History & Facts | Britannica
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britannica.com
Democratic Republic of the Congo - Belgian Paternalism, Decolonization, Politics | Britannica
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csmonitor.com
Preserved by students, WWII internment camp becomes national park - CSMonitor.com
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Belgium Confiscates Congo Free State from King Leopold II | Research Starters | EBSCO Research
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dw.com
Belgium's Africa Museum faces a dark colonial legacy – DW – 12/08/2018
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alainet.org
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hrw.org
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oas.org
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cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr
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le.ac.uk
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r2bc.com.au
Vietnam 1935 - 1965 — R2BC
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nycu.edu.tw
A Perspective About the Indigenous Status through Civil Laws in French Indochina – Conflict, Justice, Decolonization
PUBLICATIONS Image: A Perspective About the Indigenous Status through Civil Laws in French Indochina 2021 ; 2 ; 26 ; A PERSPECTIVE ABOUT THE INDIGENOUS STATUS THROUGH CIVIL LAWS IN FRENCH INDOCHINA...



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Citations

Universidade NOVA de Lisboa
The Penal Origins of Colonial Model Villages: From Aborted Concentration Camps to Forced Resettlement in Angola (1930–1969) - Universidade NOVA de Lisboa

Wikipedia
Mucubal people
May 29, 2025

lbro.repository.guildhe.ac.uk
Civilian internment in the Raj: Central and family internment camps c.1939-43 - Lincoln Bishop Research Online
Cambridge University Press & Assessment
Establishing the Ramgarh Training Center: The Burma Campaign, the Colonial Internment Camp, and the Wartime Sino-British Relations | TRaNS: Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia | Cambridge Core

Wikipedia
List of concentration and internment camps
October 24, 2025
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talkafricana.com
Tarrafal Concentration Camp: The ‘Camp of Slow Death’ Where Portugal Imprisoned African Freedom Fighters in the 1960s - TalkAfricana
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cambridge.org
The Dep;sito de Degredados in Luanda, Angola: Binding and Building the Portuguese Empire with Convict Labour, 1880s to 1932 | International Review of Social History | Cambridge Core
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futuress.org
Embargoed Memories
In 1962, it reopened under a different name, “Ch;o Bom Labour Camp,” and was used to imprison the many anti-colonialist and resistance fighters who struggled for the independence of Angola, Guin;-Biss...

statista.com
Congo (DR): child mortality rate 1895-2020| Statista
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history.com
This Mexican American Teenager Spent Years in a Japanese Internment Camp—On Purpose | HISTORY
By: Erin Blakemore World War II THIS MEXICAN AMERICAN TEENAGER SPENT YEARS IN A JAPANESE INTERNMENT CAMP—ON PURPOSE Ralph Lazo wasn’t of Japanese descent, but he spent spent two years at Manzanar i...

history.com
This Mexican American Teenager Spent Years in a Japanese Internment Camp—On Purpose | HISTORY
RELATED ARTICLES World War II How WWII Vets Helped Establish America’s Biker Clubs Motorcycle groups offered brotherhood and adventure for returning GIs, many of whom were still processing the horr...

tempspresents.com
De l’ambigu;t; de penser le ph;nom;ne concentrationnaire salazariste – Fragments sur les Temps Pr;sents
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taylorfrancis.com
The Penal Origins of Colonial Model Villages: From A
ABSTRACT In 1962, one year after the outbreak of the colonial war in Angola, the Portuguese military forces devised and tried to establish a concentration camp in the northern district of Zaire. This...
hrw.org
Belgium – Moving from Regrets to Reparations | Human Rights Watch
Click to expand Image Demonstrators stand on the statue of Leopold II as one of them holds a national flag of the Democratic Republic of Congo during a protest for the end of racial injustice in Brus...

sahistory.org.za
Angola becomes independent of Portuguese colonial rule | South African History Online
ANGOLA BECOMES INDEPENDENT OF PORTUGUESE COLONIAL RULE Published 16 March 2011Updated 8 November 2019 Cite This Page This Day in History: 11 November 1975 Angola becomes independent after 14 years...

oup.com
Ahmednagar | Enemies in the Empire: Civilian Internment in the British Empire during the First World War | Oxford Academic
ABSTRACT Ahmednagar developed the same type of symbolic importance for those interned in India as that which Knockaloe held for the Germans interned in Great Britain. While much smaller in scale than...

oup.com
India | Enemies in the Empire: Civilian Internment in the British Empire during the First World War | Oxford Academic
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britannica.com
History of Angola | Events, People, Dates, Maps, & Facts | Britannica
ANGOLA FROM COLONIAL CONQUEST TO INDEPENDENCE, 1910–75 colonization of Africa by European countriesMap showing the colonization of Africa by European countries in the early 1900s. The proclamation o...

trt.global
The worst Belgian colonial atrocities that Congolese can't forget - TRT Global
WORLD 5 MIN READ The worst Belgian colonial atrocities that Congolese can't forget Although the Belgian King has expressed his "deepest regrets" for the conduct of his ancestors in DR Congo, many s...

trt.global
The worst Belgian colonial atrocities that Congolese can't forget - TRT Global
AFRICA 5 MIN READ The worst Belgian colonial atrocities that Congolese can't forget Although the Belgian King has expressed his "deepest regrets" for the conduct of his ancestors in DR Congo, many...
buala.org
Colonial Incarceration in the 20th Century: A Comparative Approach | BUALA
Skip to Content Skip to Navigation COLONIAL INCARCERATION IN THE 20TH CENTURY: A COMPARATIVE APPROACH The historiography on political incarceration during the modern colonial period from the late 19...

unl.pt
Detention, Exile and Deportation in the Portuguese Colonial Empire — IHC
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ronperrier.net
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC of CONGO - only where you have walked have you been
During the period of 1885–1908, millions of Congolese died as a consequence of exploitation and disease. In some areas the population declined dramatically – it has been estimated that sleeping sickne...

trtafrika.com
The worst Belgian colonial atrocities that Congolese can't forget - TRT Afrika
AFRICA 5 MIN READ The worst Belgian colonial atrocities that Congolese can't forget Although the Belgian King has expressed his "deepest regrets" for the conduct of his ancestors in DR Congo, many...

openedition.org
«I escaped in a coffin». Remembering Angolan Forced Labor from the 1940s
Navega;;o – Mapa do site CADERNOS DE ESTUDOS AFRICANOS Sum;rio - Documento anterior - Documento seguinte 9/10 | 2006Mem;rias Coloniais Artigos «I ESCAPED IN A COFFIN». REMEMBERING ANGOLAN FORCED...

openedition.org
Between Colony and Metropole: Repatriation of Vietnamese Workers from Post-war France
* 54 ANOM, HCI, CS2, Rapport de Debarge, 3 avr. 1948. * 55 ANOM, HCI, CS1, T;l;gramme du HCI au minist;re de la FOM, 22 f;vr. 1949. * 56 ANOM, HCI, CS2, Lettre du conseiller de la R;publique du HCI au...

wilsoncenter.org
Author Hochschild Recounts Lost History of Horror in the Belgian Congo | Wilson Center
Skip to main content * Congressionally Chartered. Scholarship Driven. Fiercely Nonpartisan. * Show/Hide Sitewide Search Field * Support Reported by Mary-Lea Cox When the day of reckoning comes for...

aa.com.tr
Belgian colonial atrocities still haunt Congolese
Africa BELGIAN COLONIAL ATROCITIES STILL HAUNT CONGOLESE MIVUYA RECALLS HIS GRANDFATHER, WHOSE HANDS WERE CHOPPED OFF BY BELGIAN MASTER AFTER HE MOCKED HIM AS A 'LAZY CONGOLESE' Godfrey Olukya  | 1...

theweek.com
Colonial brutality | The Week
Image The Week US Edition SUBSCRIBE & SAVE Less than $3 per week ; Sign in * The Explainer * Talking Points * The Week Recommends * Newsletters * Cartoons * From the Magazine * The Week Junior *...

trtworld.com
The worst Belgian colonial atrocities that Congolese can't forget - TRT World
WORLD 5 MIN READ The worst Belgian colonial atrocities that Congolese can't forget Although the Belgian King has expressed his "deepest regrets" for the conduct of his ancestors in DR Congo, many s...

twitter.com
X
* Estimates: Some sources lump the entire Belgian colonial period (1885–1960) together, suggesting up to 10 million deaths, but this likely double-counts Leopold’s era. * Context: The Belgian Congo sa...
ermakvagus.com
Angola - Africa
Between 1939 and 1943, the Portuguese army carried out operations against the Mucubal nomads, accused of rebellion, which led to the death of half of their population. The survivors were incarcerated...

scroll.in
Why German and Austrian civilians were once sent from Thailand to India to be imprisoned
ARRIVAL IN INDIA Not happy with the internment in Bangkok, the British insisted that the Germans and Austro-Hungarians be sent to India. As many as 184 male internees arrived in India on the SS Pin S...
nd.edu.au
"Forgotten forced migrants of war: Civilian internment of Japanese in B" by Christine de Matos and Rowena Ward
Skip to main content * < Previous * Next > ARTS PAPERS AND JOURNAL ARTICLES FORGOTTEN FORCED MIGRANTS OF WAR: CIVILIAN INTERNMENT OF JAPANESE IN BRITISH INDIA, 1941-6 Christine de Matos, The Unive...

urba-kbau.be
Holocaust - Urba Kbau
FAQ'S DID A “FORGOTTEN HOLOCAUST” HAPPEN DURING THE INDEPENDENT FREE STATE OF CONGO (IFS) PERIOD? Would one, 10, 12 or 13 million Congolese have perished during Leopold II’s rule over Congo Free Sta...
lankaweb.com
LankaWeb – The Atrocities Committed Against Humanity
The Italian Fascists conducted a systematic ethnic cleansing in the occupied territories in North Africa. The Italian fascist invasion in 1935 and subsequent occupation of Ethiopia were accompanied by...
monash.edu
The imperialism of internment: Boer prisoners of war in India and civic reconstruction in Southern Africa, 1899–1905 - Monash University
* Skip to main navigation * Skip to search * Skip to main content THE IMPERIALISM OF INTERNMENT: BOER PRISONERS OF WAR IN INDIA AND CIVIC RECONSTRUCTION IN SOUTHERN AFRICA, 1899–1905 Wm. Matthew Ken...

nationalarchives.gov.uk
Refugees in South Asia during Second World War (1939-1945) - The National Archives
Home >  Education > Classroom resources > REFUGEES IN SOUTH ASIA DURING SECOND WORLD WAR (1939-1945) Suitable for: Key stage 4, Key stage 5 Time period: Postwar 1945-present, Second World War 1939-...

cambodiadaily.com
Wartime Prison Camps Portended End of an Era - The Cambodia Daily
The Cambodia DailyAll the news without fear or favor News WARTIME PRISON CAMPS PORTENDED END OF AN ERA December 9, 2015 by Michelle Vachon In early December 1945, 70 years ago this month, Jean Es...
npshistory.com
Confinement and Ethnicity: An Overview of World War II Japanese American Relocation Sites (Chapter 17)
Figure 17.35. Concrete post supports and slab at Fort Missoula. Image: Guard tower cabin at Fort Missoula today Figure 17.39. Guard tower cabin at Fort Missoula today. Image: Internment monument at Fo...
thediplomat.com
The 1962 Internment of Chinese Indians – The Diplomat
RECENT FEATURES SocietyRain and Rainbows: Taiwan Celebrates Pride as Hong Kong’s LGBTQ Rights Stall SocietyEducation with Purpose at The Ko; School EconomyHow China’s Green Surplus Defines Indonesi...

northcountrypublicradio.org
Inside the U.S. plan to detain immigrants in Latin America as bargaining chips in WWII | NCPR News
THE JOURNEY TO CRYSTAL CITY The government sent ships to bring the family members to the U.S. "Sometime in the morning we boarded the ship. I remember going up the plank being so scared because one s...

arizona.edu
Uprooting Community | UAPress
UPROOTING COMMUNITY JAPANESE MEXICANS, WORLD WAR II, AND THE U.S.-MEXICO BORDERLANDS Selfa A. Chew (Author) Paperback ($26.95), Ebook ($26.95) Buy Joining the U.S.’ war effort in 1942, Mexican Pre...

mainepublic.org
Inside the U.S. plan to detain immigrants in Latin America as bargaining chips in WWII | Maine Public
THE U.S. ENTERS THE WAR On December 7, 1941, Japan bombed Pearl Harbor. The U.S. declared war on Japan and was catapulted into World War II. The plan to detain Japanese Americans swiftly went into ef...

gaic.info
Latin American Internment Program - German American Internee Coalition
LATIN AMERICAN INTERNMENT PROGRAM * * * HISTORY * Civil Liberties Violations * Latin American Internment Program * Related Laws * Repatriation and Exchange * Timeline of Related Events IMAGE: QUOT...
densho.org
Japanese Latin Americans | Densho Encyclopedia
Category Organizations Table of Contents A-Z By Category « Previous Article Japanese language schools » Next Article Japanese Mexican removal Printer-friendly Cite Learn more »  Media Category:...

nps.gov
America's World War II Home Front Heritage
Perhaps the best-documented Japanese-American internment camp is Manzanar, the first to open in early 1942 and now part of the National Park System. Extensive archeological, historical, oral history,...

notevenpast.org
Memories of War: Japanese Borderlands Experiences during WWII - Not Even Past
In January 1942, President ;vila Camacho ordered all Japanese migrants and Japanese-Mexican communities near the Pacific coast and the U.S.-Mexico border to relocate to central Mexico. The Mexican gov...

discovernikkei.org
Journal | Discover Nikkei
It wasn’t only the immigrants themselves who were upset by the internment measure. In the places where the immigrants had lived, townspeople sent letters to the government trying to stop the relocatio...

elpais.com
Camp Manzanar serves as a reminder to the United States of racist laws in other eras | U.S. | EL PA;S English
Skip to content Luis Pablo Beauregard Los Angeles - Apr 22, 2025 - 11:25CEST (Central European Summer Time) Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Share on Bluesky Share on Linkedin Copy link Camp...


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Links

Citations

CONICET Research Portal
La reconcentraci;n en Cuba (1869-1898): ;El origen de los campos de concentraci;n?

Reddit
The Cuban Genocide - The First Modern Concentration Camps
February 13, 2025

China Daily
Stories of Japanese WWII camp in China revealed at exhibition - World - Chinadaily.com.cn

China Daily
History of WWII internment camp bonds Westerners, Chinese friends - Chinadaily.com.cn

The Times of India
China releases list of 34,000 Chinese kept in Japan WWII camps - The Times of India

journals.uclpress.co.uk
| Internment: an historical overview |Jewish Historical Studies: A Journal of English-Speaking Jewry

ihr.org
The Boer War Remembered

blackhistorymonth.org.uk
Memory, materiality, and the afterlives of British-colonial detention camps - Black History Month 2025
More

uwidata.com
Britain’s Legacy in Africa: Origins of the World’s First Concentration Camps – United World International
April 20, 2025 — By Dr. Halim Gen;o;lu The first modern concentration camps in history were shown by the British during the Second Anglo-Boer War (1899–1902) in South Africa. These camps marked a significant and cont...

travelpander.com
Great Britain And The Boer War: Did They Send Prisoners To African Concentration Camps? [Updated On: September 2025]
September 23, 2024 — Great Britain set up concentration camps in South Africa during the Second Boer War. These camps held Boer families affected by Britain’s scorched-earth strategy. The conditions were poor, causing hig...

thelocal.es
The unknown story of Spain's concentration camps
November 7, 2023 — Spanish history THE UNKNOWN STORY OF SPAIN'S CONCENTRATION CAMPS Image: Conor Faulkner Conor Faulkner - conor.faulkner@thelocal.com Published: 7 Nov, 2023 CET. Updated: Sat 11 Nov 2023 08:22 CET...

cibercuba.com
Mariela Castro affirms that in Cuba there was "no concentration camp against LGBT people"
July 10, 2023 — MARIELA CASTRO AFFIRMS THAT IN CUBA THERE WAS "NO CONCENTRATION CAMP AGAINST LGBT PEOPLE" The daughter of General Ra;l Castro considered that the Military Production Assistance Units (UMAP) - where 2...

timesmojo.com
Why were the Spanish putting Cubans into Reconcentration camps? - TimesMojo
July 7, 2022 — WHY WERE THE SPANISH PUTTING CUBANS INTO RECONCENTRATION CAMPS? On: July 7, 2022 Asked by: Amelia Schuppe Unlike many concentration camps in the twentieth century, the idea was to keep the Cuban ci...

rhodesianstudycircle.org.uk
World War 2: Internment Camps – Southern Rhodesia - Rhodesian Study Circle
August 24, 2019 — WORLD WAR 2: INTERNMENT CAMPS – SOUTHERN RHODESIA INTERNMENT CAMPS Southern Rhodesia During World War 2, Southern Rhodesia interned over 12,000 German, Austrian and Italian ‘enemy aliens’. In addit...
bpsgm.fr
POLO BEYRIS: A FORGOTTEN FRENCH INTERNMENT CAMP, 1939-1947. - BPSGM
March 22, 2018 — The prisoners at Polo Beyris came from all parts of the French empire, but the majority was from North Africa. In July 1941, the Scapini Mission reported that 56% of a total of 2425 prisoners at Polo...

business-standard.com
China releases list of 34,000 Chinese kept in Japan WWII camps
April 5, 2014 — Home / India News / China releases list of 34,000 Chinese kept in Japan WWII camps CHINA RELEASES LIST OF 34,000 CHINESE KEPT IN JAPAN WWII CAMPS Press Trust of India Beijing Last Updated : Apr 0...

museoalessandroroccavilla.it
I LAGER BRITANNICI | Museo Alessandro Roccavilla
THE ANGLO BOER WAR (1899-1902) – PRISONERS OF WAR This project is an extension of the The Anglo Boer War (1899-1902). The object of the project is to add information about both British/Colonial and B...

chinadaily.com.cn
HISTORY OF WWII INTERNMENT CAMP BONDS WESTERNERS, CHINESE FRIENDS - Chinadaily.com.cn
Top News HISTORY OF WWII INTERNMENT CAMP BONDS WESTERNERS, CHINESE FRIENDS GRATITUDE STILL STRONG FOR WEIFANG VILLAGERS' SUPPORT FOR FOREIGNERS HELD BY JAPANESE INVADERS By Sun Shangwu,Jiang Chengl...

chinadaily.com.cn
Stories of Japanese WWII camp in China revealed at exhibition - Chinadaily.com.cn
Home | China-US STORIES OF JAPANESE WWII CAMP IN CHINA REVEALED AT EXHIBITION By CHANG JUN and ZHIZHI CEN in San Francisco | chinadaily.com.cn | Updated: 2024-03-11 10:35 An exhibition on China-U...

chinadaily.com.cn
Exhibits relive horrors of Japanese torture at WWII camp - Chinadaily.com.cn
World EXHIBITS RELIVE HORRORS OF JAPANESE TORTURE AT WWII CAMP By CHANG JUN and ZHIZHI CEN in San Francisco | China Daily | Updated: 2024-03-12 00:00 Image ShareImage Image Share - WeChatImage...

chinadaily.com.cn
History of WWII internment camp bonds Westerners, Chinese friends - World - Chinadaily.com.cn
World HISTORY OF WWII INTERNMENT CAMP BONDS WESTERNERS, CHINESE FRIENDS GRATITUDE STILL STRONG FOR WEIFANG VILLAGERS' SUPPORT FOR FOREIGNERS HELD BY JAPANESE INVADERS By SUN SHANGWU, JIANG CHENGLON...

awm.gov.au
Yangchow, China. September 1945. Group portrait of internees and a Japanese guard (fourth from ... | Australian War Memorial
YANGCHOW, CHINA. SEPTEMBER 1945. GROUP PORTRAIT OF INTERNEES AND A JAPANESE GUARD (FOURTH FROM ... Download Low Res Image Order a copy Accession Number | P02428.011 Collection type | Photograph O...

awm.gov.au
Yangchow, China. September 1945. Internees queue for a meal at Yangchow Internment Camp, Camp C. ... | Australian War Memorial
YANGCHOW, CHINA. SEPTEMBER 1945. INTERNEES QUEUE FOR A MEAL AT YANGCHOW INTERNMENT CAMP, CAMP C. ... Download Low Res Image Order a copy Accession Number | P02428.006 Collection type | Photograph...

oup.com
Countermapping the Carceral Security State: Beyond the Imperial Boomerang | International Studies Quarterly | Oxford Academic
THE CAMP AND THE WORKHOUSE: REVERSING THE BOOMERANG Like policing, practices of extra-judicial internment and imprisonment have been widely analyzed through the prism of the colonial boomerang. The c...
chinafamilies.net
Civilian internees of the Japanese – China families
ChinaFamilies CIVILIAN INTERNEES OF THE JAPANESE Children, Lunghua Civilian Assembly Centre, Shanghai, Historical Photographs of China project, Tocher collection to-s17© 2013 Susannah Stapleton Bet...
nzhistory.govt.nz
South African concentration camps | NZ History
Skip to main content SOUTH AFRICAN CONCENTRATION CAMPS Painting of Boer families burying their dead outside a British concentration camp in South Africa. CONCENTRATION CAMPS ‘Concentration camps’...
globaltimes.cn
War secrets unveiled - Global Times
HOME >> METRO SHANGHAI WAR SECRETS UNVEILED Source:Global Times Published: 2015-9-7 18:53:01 * * * MAP SHOWS THE LOCATIONS OF JAPANESE INTERNMENT CAMPS IN SHANGHAI * * * Image The sites of for...

historycollection.com
10 of History's Worst Colonial Disasters - History Collection
BOER CIVILIANS PERISHED BY THE TENS OF THOUSANDS IN BRITISH CONCENTRATION CAMPS In the Second Boer War (1899 – 1902), Britain had a rough go of it trying to subdue the Boers of the Orange Free State...

libcom.org
To fully reconcile The Boer War is to fully understand the ‘Black’ Concentration Camps | libcom.org
THE BLACK CONCENTRATION CAMPS The ‘Black’ concentration camps were a different matter entirely. On the 21st December 1900, Lord Kitchener made no bones about his new concentration camp policy at the...

icm.edu.pl
Colonial concentration camps in Cuba and South Africa. Characteristics and significance for the evolution of the idea
COLONIAL CONCENTRATION CAMPS IN CUBA AND SOUTH AFRICA. CHARACTERISTICS AND SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE EVOLUTION OF THE IDEA ABSTRACT In 1896, the Spanish general Valeriano Weyler y Nicolau decided to buil...
cidh.org
Cuba 1805
"La Havana Province: Jails: La Caba;a, El Morro, Guanajuay. Forced labor camps: 100 and Boyeros. Concentration camps: Melena 1 and 2, Jaruco 1 (adults) and 2 (juveniles), Nuevo Amanecer (formerly Am;r...

pbs.org
Crucible of Empire - PBS Online
Image: Interactive Timeline FEBRUARY, 1896: RECONCENTRATION POLICY Home | Back | Next | Interactive Timeline Image: General Weyler In 1896, General Weyler of Spain implemented the first wave of the...
conicet.gov.ar
La reconcentraci;n en Cuba (1869-1898): ;El origen de los campos de concentraci;n? - CONICET
LA RECONCENTRACI;N EN CUBA (1869-1898): ;EL ORIGEN DE LOS CAMPOS DE CONCENTRACI;N? Article Authorship: NAGY, MARIANO ARIEL Date: 2024 Publishing House and Editing Place: Revista Universitaria d...
umn.edu
University of Minnesota Human Rights Library
The resolution was transmitted to the government of Cuba in a note of June 15, 1973 and communicated to the General Assembly in the Annual Report of that year.5 3. A communication of April 16, 1974,...
oas.org
Cuba 1976 - Chapter IV
“Matanzas Province:  Jails:  San Severino and Matanzas.  Concentration camps:  Aguica and Caballero Mili;n. “Las Villas Province:  Jails:  Santa Clara, Sagua, Remedios, Sancti Spiritus.  Concentration...
cambridge.org
Physicians imprisoned in Franco Spain’s Miranda de Ebro “Campo de Concentraci;n” | Medical History | Cambridge Core
Historians continue to debate who originally invented the internment system operated in Miranda de Ebro and somewhere between 103 and 189 other camps in Franco Spain: did imperial Spain build them fir...
nih.gov
Physicians imprisoned in Franco Spain’s Miranda de Ebro “Campo de Concentraci;n” - PMC
Skip to main content Med Hist . 2022 Jul;66(3):264–279. doi: 10.1017/mdh.2022.20 PHYSICIANS IMPRISONED IN FRANCO SPAIN’S MIRANDA DE EBRO “CAMPO DE CONCENTRACI;N” Esther Cuerda-Galindo ^{1,}^{*} *...



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Citations

The Business Standard
At least 3,100 Native Americans died in US boarding schools: report
December 23, 2024

Reuters
Over 970 Native American children died at federal boarding schools
July 31, 2024 — Un informe federal revel; que al menos 973 ni;os nativos americanos murieron en escuelas residenciales entre 1819 y 1969, como parte de una pol;tica de asimilaci;n forzada del gobierno de EE.UU. que buscaba destruir la identidad tribal. Muchas de estas muertes ocurrieron en 65 escuelas con al menos 74 sitios de entierro, algunos sin marcar. El segundo y ;ltimo informe encargado por Debbie Haaland, la primera secretaria nativa americana del gabinete de EE.UU., recomienda que el gobierno se disculpe y proporciona formas de enmendar los abusos f;sicos y sexuales sufridos por generaciones de ni;os, quienes fueron despojados de sus nombres y culturas. Entre 1871 y 1969, el gobierno gast; m;s de $23.3 mil millones (ajustados por inflaci;n) en administrar estas escuelas, y sugiere que una cantidad similar se invierta en remediar el trauma intergeneracional resultante.

TIME
The History of Native American Boarding Schools Is Even More Complicated than a New Report Reveals
May 17, 2022 — The U.S. Department of the Interior recently released a report revealing the harsh realities of Indigenous boarding schools aimed at assimilating Native Americans between 1819 and 1969. The study documented 408 schools and reported widespread abuse and over 500 child deaths, a number that is expected to rise. This effort follows the discovery of unmarked graves at similar schools in Canada. Native American historian Brenda Child discussed the schools' dual purpose of assimilation and land dispossession, highlighting Carlisle Indian Industrial School as a model for others. The boarding schools emphasized low-wage job training for Native Americans, reinforcing social class disparities. Historian Child noted that while the boarding schools were meant to eliminate Native culture and language, some families, like her own, preserved their heritage. The report is seen as a step toward acknowledging these traumatic experiences and addressing their long-lasting impacts, but Child emphasizes the importance of also recognizing the different eras of Indian education and restoring land to Native people to make amends for historical injustices.
Anzac Portal
Internment camps in Australia during World War I - Anzac Portal
naa.gov.au
World War I internee, alien and POW records held in Adelaide | naa.gov.au

awm.gov.au
Civilian internees in Australia | Australian War Memorial

ihr.org
The Boer War Remembered

Wikipedia
Regroupement camps in the Algerian War
More

travelpander.com
Great Britain And The Boer War: Did They Send Prisoners To African Concentration Camps? [Updated On: September 2025]
September 23, 2024 — Great Britain set up concentration camps in South Africa during the Second Boer War. These camps held Boer families affected by Britain’s scorched-earth strategy. The conditions were poor, causing hig...

australiangeographic.com.au
Looking back at Loveday - Australian Geographic
July 24, 2024 — LOOKING BACK AT LOVEDAY: AUSTRALIA’S LARGEST WWII INTERNMENT CAMP By Esme Mathis • 24 July 2024 This 1943 photograph shows Loveday Internment Camp’s double perimeter walls with a row of barbed wire...

australiangeographic.com.au
Looking back at Loveday - Australian Geographic
July 24, 2024 — Refresh(Enable JavaScript first.) | This website is currently offline. Cloudflare's Always Online™ sh...

agencedh.org
Human Right Issues of French colonialism in Algeria - Human Rights Agency
April 6, 2023 — HUMAN RIGHT ISSUES OF FRENCH COLONIALISM IN ALGERIA Africa Latest news HUMAN RIGHT ISSUES OF FRENCH COLONIALISM IN ALGERIA agencenadmin avril 6, 2023 FRANCE OCCUPIED ALGERIA FOR 132 YEARS, BEFORE...

wmbr.org.za
Concentration Camps - Anglo-Boer War Museum: An agency of the Department of Sports, Arts and Culture
September 22, 2022 — HISTORY OF THE ANGLO-BOER WAR Introduction to war Role Players and Figures Concentration Camps Prisoners of War * Concentration Camps * Black Camps * Concentration Camps * Black Camps CONCENTRA...

unitedworldint.com
French colonial legacy in Algeria - United World International
October 12, 2021 — FRENCH COLONIAL POLICY IN ALGERIA Colonization and genocidal massacres proceeded in tandem in Algeria. Within the first three decades of the conquest, between 500,000 and 1,000,000 Algerians, out of...

bootcampmilitaryfitnessinstitute.com
What was the Algerian War (1954-1962)? - Boot Camp & Military Fitness Institute
April 16, 2021 — EXODUS OF THE PIEDS-NOIRS AND HARKIS Pieds-Noirs (including indigenous Mizrachi and Sephardi Jews) and Harkis accounted for 13% of the total population of Algeria in 1962. For the sake of clarity, ea...

africanliberty.org
How 48,000 Died in Concentration Camps During The Boer War in South Africa | Fransjohan Pretorius
April 8, 2019 — HOW 48,000 DIED IN CONCENTRATION CAMPS DURING THE BOER WAR IN SOUTH AFRICA * April 8, 2019 * author: Fransjohan Pretorius More than a century after 48,000 people died in concentration camps in what’...

thesouthafrican.com
Concentration camps in the South African War: Here are the facts
February 20, 2019 — One of the Boer concentration camps. Photographical Collection Anglo-Boer War Museum, Bloemfontein SA CONCENTRATION CAMPS IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN WAR: HERE ARE THE FACTS British Conservative MP Jacob R...
naa.gov.au
Wartime internment camps in Australia | naa.gov.au
ON THIS PAGE * First World War * Second World War * Internees from overseas * Internees from Australia * Internees or prisoners of war? * Life in internment camps * After the wars * Australians inter...
naa.gov.au
World War I internee, alien and POW records held in Sydney | naa.gov.au
ON THIS PAGE * Alien registration and internment * Liverpool internment camp * Records of the Liverpool camp * Download fact sheet (PDF, 190kB) ALIEN REGISTRATION AND INTERNMENT With the outbreak o...
naa.gov.au
World War II internee, alien and POW records held in Adelaide | naa.gov.au
ON THIS PAGE * Internment in South Australia and the Loveday camp * Records held in Adelaide * Selected records of World War II internment held in the Adelaide Office * For more information * Downloa...
greeff.info
Anglo Boer War (11 Oct 1899 - 31 May 1902)
The Anglo Boer War (1899 - 1902) Index: 1. How the war was won. 2. ABO Foto-uitstalling. How the war was won In the course of the South African War, British losses totaled about 28,000 men. Afrikaner...
nsw.gov.au
Holsworthy Internment Camp | German internees in WWI Australia | NSW Migration Heritage Centre
HOLSWORTHY INTERNMENT CAMP Liverpool Internment Camp 1914 – 1918 post card. Dubotzki collection, Germany. Holsworthy Internment Camp, c.1915. Dubotzki collection, Germany The largest internment cam...
nsw.gov.au
Berrima Internment Camp | German internees in WWI Australia | NSW Migration Heritage Centre
BERRIMA INTERNMENT CAMP Kriegsgefangenen- Lager Berrima, Drawn by Menke 28^{th} September 1917. Dubotzki collection, Germany Berrima roll call, April 1916. Dubotzki collection, Germany Internees at...
cambridge.org
Black People and the South African War 1899–1902
SUMMARY Between June 1901 and May 1902, 27,927 Boer refugees perished in British concentration camps in South Africa, a death toll of extraordinary proportions that probably amounted to twice the num...
cambridge.org
Refugees (Chapter 8) - Black People and the South African War 1899–1902
Search Institution Login Search Menu links 1. Browse 2. Services 3. Open research 8 - REFUGEES Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 September 2009 Peter Warwick Get access SUMM...
cambridge.org
UNHCR and the Algerian war of independence: postcolonial sovereignty and the globalization of the international refugee regime, 1954–63 | Journal of Global History | Cambridge Core
Independence left these encamped populations facing an uncertain future. Only about 15% of the regroup;s had left the camps by the time of the ceasefire in March 1962. A month later, they still number...
cambridge.org
Can Peasants Make a Revolution? Colonialism, Labour, and Power Relations in Pierre Bourdieu’s Algerian Inquiries* | International Review of Social History | Cambridge Core
THE CONCENTRATIONARY UNIVERSE The word regroupement covers various meanings, including “different types of settlements (camps, centres, villages) to which inhabitants of all areas declared inaccessib...
angloboerwar.com
Anglo Boer War - Concentration camps - Introduction
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION CONCENTRATION CAMPS - INTRODUCTION Concentration camps were not used for the first time during the Boer War.  They were used by the Spanish and by the Americans in the Phil...
angloboerwar.com
Anglo Boer War - Brandt: Chapter 12 - The Concentration Camps
Copies of this report were sent to the Military Governor and Lord Kitchener, and to ten foreign Powers, with copies of the second petition. What diplomatic correspondence then passed between England...
angloboerwar.com
Anglo Boer War - Concentration camps - Locations
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION CONCENTRATION CAMPS - LOCATIONS | | Deaths | Deaths | Place | Period of use | Under 15 | Over 15 | Total Aliwal North | January 1901 - November 1902 | 546 | 186...

sahistory.org.za
Anglo-Boer War 2: The officially reported Black concentration camp population in the sixty-six Black camps reach 115,700.  523 | South African History Online
ANGLO-BOER WAR 2: THE OFFICIALLY REPORTED BLACK CONCENTRATION CAMP POPULATION IN THE SIXTY-SIX BLACK CAMPS REACH 115,700.  523 Published 25 May 2012Updated 30 September 2019 Cite This Page EXPLORE...

sahistory.org.za
523 people die in the Black concentration camps of the Second Anglo Boer War | South African History Online
523 PEOPLE DIE IN THE BLACK CONCENTRATION CAMPS OF THE SECOND ANGLO BOER WAR Published 16 March 2011Updated 29 May 2020 Cite This Page This Day in History: 30 May 1902 On 11 October 1899 war was o...

sahistory.org.za
Women and Children in White Concentration Camps during the Anglo-Boer War, 1900-1902 | South African History Online
18 June, Emily Hobhouse's report on concentration camps appear under the title, "To the S.A. Distress Fund, Report of a visit to the camps of women and children in the Cape and Orange River Colonies...

thejournalist.org.za
Erasure of black suffering in Anglo-Boer War | The Journalist
ERASURE OF BLACK SUFFERING IN ANGLO-BOER WAR Aug 30, 2016 | Ntando PZ Mbatha Even though the South African War (1899-1902) is largely considered a battle between the British and the Boers, history...

history.sa.gov.au
Torrens Island internment camp - History Hub
* * * German settlers arrived in South Australia shortly after the first non-indigenous settlers in the colony. By the early twentieth century German settlers and their descendants made up almost 10...

biznews.com
Another kick in the teeth from British about Boer War
Subscribe Thought Leaders ANOTHER KICK IN THE TEETH FROM BRITISH ABOUT BOER WAR More than a century after 48,000 people died in concentration camps in what’s known as the Anglo-Boer War, the events...

viw.com.au
In their own words: internees tell of life in our German detainment camps
. German internees at the Liverpool camp in NSW. Australian War Memorial On August 15 1918, a German steamship called the Lothringen reached Melbourne from Antwerp after 47 days at sea. Without acce...

vipergallery.org
Discreet Violence: Architecture and the French War in Algeria
viper During the Algerian Revolution (1954–1962), or the Algerian War of Independence, the French civil and military authorities profoundly reorganized Algeria’s urban and rural territory, drasticall...

washingtonpost.com
More than 900 Native American children died while at Indian boarding schools in U.S. - The Washington Post
Accessibility statementSkip to main content Democracy Dies in Darkness Democracy Dies in Darkness By Dana Hedgpeth and Sari Horwitz More than 900 Native American children died while being forced...

washingtonpost.com
U.S. created Indian boarding schools to destroy cultures and seize land - Washington Post
AT LEAST 523 INDIAN BOARDING SCHOOLS WERE ESTABLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES. RELIGIOUS GROUPS RECEIVED FEDERAL CONTRACTS TO OPERATE ABOUT A THIRD OF THEM. FAMILIES WERE OFTEN COERCED BY FEDERAL AGENTS...

washingtonpost.com
More schools that forced American Indian children to assimilate revealed - The Washington Post
Accessibility statementSkip to main content Democracy Dies in Darkness Democracy Dies in Darkness By Dana Hedgpeth and Emmanuel Martinez A nonprofit group has identified 115 more Indian boarding...
wrangellsentinel.com
Interior Department report says there were over 400 Native boarding schools - Wrangell Sentinel
Image Image INTERIOR DEPARTMENT REPORT SAYS THERE WERE OVER 400 NATIVE BOARDING SCHOOLS FLAGSTAFF, Ariz. (AP) — A first-of-its-kind federal study of Native American boarding schools that for over a...

aa.com.tr
More than 3,100 Native American children died in US boarding schools: Report
Americas MORE THAN 3,100 NATIVE AMERICAN CHILDREN DIED IN US BOARDING SCHOOLS: REPORT ‘THE BOARDING SCHOOLS WERE NOT SCHOOLS BUT PRISON CAMPS, WORK CAMPS,’ SAYS HEAD OF NEBRASKA COMMISSION ON INDIAN...

aa.com.tr
ANALYSIS - Algeria marks Nov. 1, 1954: 'And people will rise up!'
Opinion ANALYSIS - ALGERIA MARKS NOV. 1, 1954: 'AND PEOPLE WILL RISE UP!' CAREFULLY CHOSEN, DATE OF ALGERIAN REVOLUTION’S ONSET MARKS CONTINUITY OF STRUGGLE, BEGINNING OF GENERALIZED CONFLAGRATION L...

bssnews.net
At least 3,100 Native Americans died in US boarding schools: report | International
AT LEAST 3,100 NATIVE AMERICANS DIED IN US BOARDING SCHOOLS: REPORT WASHINGTON, Dec 22, 2024 (BSS/AFP) - The number of Native Americans who died in US boarding schools is at least triple the official...

mediapart.fr
The May 8 1945 massacres of S;tif and Guelma: France’s crimes against humanity | Mediapart
International Document THE MAY 8 1945 MASSACRES OF S;TIF AND GUELMA: FRANCE’S CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY France, along with countries around the world, marked ‘Victory in Europe Day’ on Friday, in comm...

opb.org
Interior Department leaders decry traumatic legacy of federal boarding schools for Native American children - OPB
HUNDREDS OF SCHOOLS, AND GRAVES The report finds there were 408 schools — a number identicalto what was compiled in publications by Denise Lajimodiere, a researcher, tribal member of the Turtle Mount...

nina.az
Algerian War
ATROCITIES AND WAR CRIMES FRENCH ATROCITIES AND USE OF TORTURE Image: imageImage: imageAlgerian submerged in water and tortured by the French army using electricity, while two tires serve as contain...

newagebd.net
New Age | 3,100 Native Americans died in US boarding schools: report
Skip to main content 3,100 NATIVE AMERICANS DIED IN US BOARDING SCHOOLS: REPORT Agence France-Presse . Washington, United States 23 December, 2024, 07:05 Print Image: Image description The number...
onwar.com
Algerian War of Independence 1954-1962
ARMED CONFLICT EVENTS DATA ALGERIAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE 1954-1962 In the early morning hours of All Saints' Day, November 1, 1954, guerrillas of the National Liberation Front (Front de Lib;ration Na...

ijpr.org
Interior Department leaders decry traumatic legacy of federal boarding schools for Native American children | Jefferson Public Radio
The report says some of the schools operated at multiple sites, so the total number of federal Indian boarding school locations is 431. Those numbers don’t include orphanages, day schools or other ins...

almayadeen.net
523 US schools forced Native American children to assimilate | Al Mayadeen English
BREAKING Al Mayadeen's correspondent: Five killed in the Israeli bombing of a civilian vehicle on Al-Qassam Street in Khan Younis, south of the Gaza Strip Hamas confirms that it has no connection to...

timenote.info
Algerian War of Independence
ATROCITIES AND WAR CRIMES French atrocities and use of torture Massacres and torture were frequent from the beginning of the colonization of Algeria, which started in 1830. Atrocities committed agai...

pbs.org
Interior Department report identifies more Native American boarding schools and burial sites | PBS News
PBS News By — Felicia Fonseca, Associated Press Felicia Fonseca, Associated Press INTERIOR DEPARTMENT REPORT IDENTIFIES MORE NATIVE AMERICAN BOARDING SCHOOLS AND BURIAL SITES Nation May 11, 2022 1...

trt.global
Algeria remembers mass killings under French rule, asks Paris to apologise - TRT Global
WORLD 5 MIN READ Algeria remembers mass killings under French rule, asks Paris to apologise Thousands rally to remember those killed by French forces in 1945 as government demands Paris apologise f...
boer-war.com
The Boer Wars - Second Boer War - Concentration Camps
Image | CONCENTRATION CAMPS These camps had were originally set up for refugees whose farms had been destroyed by the British "Scorched Earth" policy (the burning down all Boer homesteads and farms...

uwc.ac.za
Traces of forced labour ; a history of black civilians in British concentration camps during the South African War, 1899-1902
Skip to main content TRACES OF FORCED LABOUR ; A HISTORY OF BLACK CIVILIANS IN BRITISH CONCENTRATION CAMPS DURING THE SOUTH AFRICAN WAR, 1899-1902 Loading... FILES Benneyworth_gc_phd_arts_2017.p...

nationalarchives.gov.uk
The South African War: Source 8a - The National Archives
Home >  Education > Classroom resources > The South African War > THE BLOMFONTEIN CAMP January 26th. The exile camp here is a good two miles from the town, dumped down on the southern slope of the ko...

antimafia.at
The British Empire - an island full of lies :: Antimafia
SECOND BOER WAR CONCENTRATION CAMPS In February of 1900, Herbert Kitchener took command of the British forces and implemented some of the controversial tactics that led to a British victory.[3] As t...
nzhistory.govt.nz
South African concentration camps | NZ History
Skip to main content SOUTH AFRICAN CONCENTRATION CAMPS Painting of Boer families burying their dead outside a British concentration camp in South Africa. CONCENTRATION CAMPS ‘Concentration camps’...

parliament.uk
Camps Of Concentration—Mortality Statistics - Hansard - UK Parliament
The text on this page has been created from Hansard archive content, it may contain typographical errors. MR. JOHN ELLIS (Nottinghamshire, Rusheliffe) I beg to ask the Secretary of State for War wh...

saconcentrationcamps.co.za
Part II: Concentration Camps – The War of Imagery
part ii Concentration Camps Concentration camps were established in the British colonies of the Cape and Natal, as well as in the Boer Republics of the Orange Free State and the Transvaal.[i] * T...



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Links

Citations

Wikipedia
Regroupement camps in the Algerian War
onwar.com
Algerian War of Independence 1954-1962

Wikipedia
Wybalenna Aboriginal Establishment

SpainExchange Country Guide
How many Aborigines were killed in Tasmania?

National Archives
World War II Japanese American Incarceration: Mass Removal and Incarceration | National Archives

Smithsonian Magazine
The Public Finally Has Access to an Accurate List of Japanese Americans Detained During World War II

Wikipedia
Manzanar
naa.gov.au
Wartime internment camps in Australia | naa.gov.au
More

japantimes.co.jp
Japanese American museum blasts Trump's use of internment camp to detain people - The Japan Times
August 22, 2025 — JAPAN JAPANESE AMERICAN MUSEUM BLASTS TRUMP'S USE OF INTERNMENT CAMP TO DETAIN PEOPLE JIJI Aug 22, 2025 WASHINGTON – The Japanese American National Museum has criticized the administration of U.S...

travelpander.com
Internment Camps In Australia: How Many Were There And Their Impact On Civilians? [Updated On: October 2025]
October 3, 2024 — During World War II, Australia operated 18 internment camps. These camps housed over 12,000 individuals, mostly enemy aliens of German and Austrian ancestry. At the peak in 1942, around 7,000 resident...

richardinegbedion.com
Genocide: How Britain killed all the Aboriginal people of Tasmania – Richard Inegbedion
August 2, 2024 — History, Rest of the world GENOCIDE: HOW BRITAIN KILLED ALL THE ABORIGINAL PEOPLE OF TASMANIA Published by Richard I. Inegbedion on August 2, 2024 There are few events in contemporary history th...

makewetalknow.com
Genocide: How Britain Massacred the Tasmanian Aboriginal Natives in Australia – Makewetalknow
August 2, 2024 — For Tasmanian Aboriginal people, hunting was a treasured custom that was frequently accompanied by lively music and followed by festive celebrations that included intricate dance, music, and engrossi...

wsls.com
Solemn monument to Japanese American WWII detainees lists more than 125,000 names
February 18, 2024 — Close NEWS * * * Akira Olivia Kumamoto Associated Press Published: February 18, 2024 at 12:11 AM Updated: February 18, 2024 at 11:38 PM Tags: U.S. news, ethnicity, Race, Lifestyle * * * LATES...

news4jax.com
Solemn monument to Japanese American WWII detainees lists more than 125,000 names
February 18, 2024 — Previous photo Next photo In this photo provided by the National Archives, Japanese Americans from San Pedro, Calif., arrive at the Santa Anita Assembly Center in Arcadia, Calif., on April 5, 1942....

historychronicles.org
Destruction of the Aboriginal Peoples - History Chronicles
January 9, 2024 — ABORIGINAL TASMANIANS In the early 19th century, before the onset of British colonization, the indigenous Palawa population in Tasmania was estimated to be between 3,000 and 15,000. The arrival of Eu...

echoroukonline.com
A Study On The "Last Taboo" Of Brutal French Colonialism In Algeria – ;;;;;; ;;;;;;;
October 16, 2023 — English A STUDY ON THE “LAST TABOO” OF BRUTAL FRENCH COLONIALISM IN ALGERIA Mohamed Meslem/*/ English version: Med.B. * 2023/10/16 * 302 * 0 Among the files that have not been adequately investi...
bpsgm.fr
POLO BEYRIS: A FORGOTTEN FRENCH INTERNMENT CAMP, 1939-1947. - BPSGM
March 22, 2018 — The prisoners at Polo Beyris came from all parts of the French empire, but the majority was from North Africa. In July 1941, the Scapini Mission reported that 56% of a total of 2425 prisoners at Polo...

thefunambulist.net
Aur;s, Algeria: Regroupement Camps During the Algerian War for Independence - THE FUNAMBULIST MAGAZINE
February 27, 2017 — During the Algerian War for Independence (1954-1962), forced removals affected nearly half of the rural Algerian population, and at the end of the war, over two million people were dispersed between t...

shoah.org.uk
Wartime internment camps in Australia - SHOAH
April 25, 2016 — NOVANEWS NATIONAL ARCHIVES OF AUSTRALIA World War I During World War I, for security reasons the Australian Government pursued a comprehensive internment policy against enemy aliens living in Austr...

sciencespo.fr
List of multiple killings of Aborigines in Tasmania: 1804-1835 | Sciences Po Violence de masse et R;sistance - R;seau de recherche
January 20, 2016 — * Aller au contenu/ * Navigation corporate/ * Navigation principale/ * Recherche LIST OF MULTIPLE KILLINGS OF ABORIGINES IN TASMANIA: 1804-1835 * Tasmania Date: 5 Mars, 2008 Auteur: Ryan Lyndall...

onlanka.com
Britain’s Mass Murder of Indigenous Australians (Aborigines) - Sri Lanka
November 9, 2013 — The 1948 Nationality and Citizenship Act in theory made Aboriginal people Australian citizens, because they were born in Australia. However it did not guarantee them citizenship rights – though they w...

historyofislam.com
The War of Algeria’s Independence – 1954-62 – History of Islam
December 31, 2009 — Contributed by Prof. Dr. Nazeer Ahmed, PhD It was the century of colonialism. The nations of Europe fanned out across the globe in search of profits and in the process subjugated vast regions of the...
ammarbouhouche.com
Humain migration in Algeria – ;;;; ;;;;;;; ;;;;;;; ;;;; ;;;;;
By the year 1962, the Algeria refugees in Tunisia and Morocco numbered 300,000 people. According to the official statistics of the Algerian Red Crescent. There were 160.000 refugees in Tunisia and 140...
ammarbouhouche.com
The return and reintegration of the Algerian refugees following the independence of Algeria – ;;;; ;;;;;;; ;;;;;;; ;;;; ;;;;;
At any rate, in 1958, the inhabitants of rural areas found themselves in concentration camps under the direct control of the military authorities. According to the statistics available on this subject...

smithsonianmag.com
The First-Ever List of Japanese Americans Forced Into Incarceration Camps Is 1,000 Pages Long
Skip to main content Image: stamps Japanese American National Museum volunteer Barbara Keimi stamps the Ireich;. Mike Palma / Japanese American National Museum In 1988, the United States government...

nps.gov
National Park Service: Confinement and Ethnicity (Chapter 17)
Image: On-line Book Cover Page * * * MENU * * * Table of Contents Abstract Acknowledgments * * * Introduction Essay Brief History Gila River Granada Heart Mountain Jerome Manzanar Minidoka Posto...

nps.gov
America's World War II Home Front Heritage
Perhaps the best-documented Japanese-American internment camp is Manzanar, the first to open in early 1942 and now part of the National Park System. Extensive archeological, historical, oral history,...

jaexperience.org
Historical Overview — The Japanese American Experience
1943 War Department announced that Japanese American volunteers would be accepted for combat duty in Europe There were fifteen temporary “detention camps” scattered throughout Arizona, California, O...

reference.org
Internment of Japanese Americans - Reference.org
Reference.org Sign In On this page Facts Date February 19, 1942 – March 20, 1946 Location Western United States, and parts of Midwestern and Southern United States Prisoners Between 110,000 and...

kiddle.co
Black War Facts for Kids
HOW MANY DIED? Estimates of Tasmania's Aboriginal population in 1803, when the British first arrived, range from 3,000 to 7,000. Lyndall Ryan's studies led her to believe there were about 7,000 peopl...

umich.edu
Algerian Youth in the colonies de vacances during the Algerian War
POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS TIES Associations that organized summer camps for Algerian youth were primarily from the center-right and liberal center of French politics, though not all supported the war i...

njahs.org
Detained and Interned - Enemy Alien Files Online Exhibit
DETAINED AND INTERNED ARRESTING U.S. RESIDENTS The apprehension and internment of U.S. resident “enemy aliens” began the evening of the attack on Pearl Harbor, with more than 1,000 taken into cust...

njahs.org
History - NJAHS Digital Archives
JUSTICE DEPARTMENT CAMPS AND U.S. ARMY FACILITIES BY MAX NIHEI – EXHIBITIONS AND COLLECTIONS MANAGER, NJAHS During WWII, over 7,000 Japanese immigrants, Japanese Americans, and Japanese from Latin A...

slq.qld.gov.au
Australian Internment camps of World War II | State Library of Queensland
Skip to main content Blog Topics Search blog John Oxley Library | News AUSTRALIAN INTERNMENT CAMPS OF WORLD WAR II By Pauline Gordon, Visitor Services Officer, Anzac Square Memorial Galleries,...

openedition.org
Transport(s) in the British Empire and the Commonwealth - Transporting the Last Tasmanian aborigines in Contemporary Australian Fiction - Presses universitaires de la M;diterran;e
Informations sur la couverture Table des mati;resCiterPartager Liens vers le livre Informations sur la couverture Table des mati;resCiterPartager Formats de lecture Naviguer dans le livre TRANS...
nma.gov.au
Internment during World War I in Australia | National Museum of Australia
JONO LINEEN: Typical artist. NADINE HELMI: A gorgeous guy and just really an artist. That shows him in Torrens Island, one of the first camps. I will run photos that he took from Holsworthy and Trial...

nma.gov.au
The ‘Black Line’ | Australia’s Defining Moments Digital Classroom | National Museum of Australia
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people should be aware this website contains images, voices and names of people who have died. ; VIOLENT DISPOSSESSION IN TASMANIA 1830: THE ‘BLACK LINE’ — SET...

vipergallery.org
Discreet Violence: Architecture and the French War in Algeria
viper During the Algerian Revolution (1954–1962), or the Algerian War of Independence, the French civil and military authorities profoundly reorganized Algeria’s urban and rural territory, drasticall...

nieuweinstituut.nl
Discreet Violence: Architecture and the French War in Algeria
DISCREET VIOLENCE: ARCHITECTURE AND THE FRENCH WAR IN ALGERIA 8 September 2017 09:00 - 11 February 2018 17:00 Image: The construction of forbidden zones and the defensive line called Ligne Morice al...
mandalaprojects.com
G'Day and G'Bye: Tasmania and the Colonial Encounter
Civilian fatalities: unknown, but estimated at 4,000 to 10,000 from a variety of causes including disease, poor living conditions, and murder. Total: between 4(3) and 1(5) on logarithmic levels. IV |...
averyreview.com
The Avery Review | Adjusting the Dial: Territorial Accelerations in Colonial Algeria, 1954–1962
DOMESTIC EFFICIENCIES The reorganization of domestic structures in rural Algeria served to integrate the rural population into the network of industrial plants being set up across the territory. As e...

histoire-immigration.fr
Algerian immigration into France | Mus;e de l'histoire de l'immigration | Palais de la Porte Dor;e
1954-1962: ALGERIAN IMMIGRANTS IN THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE Foyer de travailleurs nord-africains, Puteaux, 1950 © Paul Almasy / Akg-images / Mus;e national de l'histoire de l'immigration Word War 2 s...
nsw.gov.au
The Camps and the System of Internment | German internees in WWI Australia | NSW Migration Heritage Centre
THE CAMPS AND THE SYSTEM OF INTERNMENT The outbreak of fighting in Europe in August 1914 immediately brought Australia into the Great War. Within one week of the declaration of war, all German subjec...

nsw.gov.au
Internment camps - World War I and Australia - Research Guides at State Library of New South Wales
Macquarie Street building temporarily closed for refurbishment. Read more WORLD WAR I AND AUSTRALIA * War begins for Australia * Recruitment and conscription * HMAS Sydney and SMS Emden * Gallipoli...

wsws.org
Sixty years since the massacre of Algerians in Paris on October 17, 1961 - World Socialist Web Site
THE OCTOBER 17, 1961 MASSACRE In 1961, the Algerian war was in its seventh year, having cost around 400,000 Algerian and over 10,000 French lives. Since Guy Mollet’s social-democratic government sent...
dva.gov.au
Internment camps in Australia during World War I - Anzac Portal
INTERNMENT CAMPS IN AUSTRALIA DURING WORLD WAR I Australia kept thousands of civilian internees and military prisoners of war (POWs) during the war. The government set up camps around Australia and i...

sbs.com.au
Comment: Is Tasmania's Black War a tragic case of lest we remember? | SBS News
Yet nearly two centuries on, most Australians know almost nothing about it. This Anzac Day it is worth reflecting on the price we pay for such ignorance. > Yet nearly two centuries on, most Australia...
cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr
The harkis, from Algeria to France | Chemins de m;moire
Newsletter THE HARKIS, FROM ALGERIA TO FRANCE Image: Embarking Harki refugees in the port of B;ne. © ECPAD Embarking Harki refugees in the port of B;ne. © ECPAD Auxiliaries of the French Army in A...

shunculture.com
Genocidal History: Aboriginal Deaths In Australia | ShunCulture
GENOCIDAL HISTORY: ABORIGINAL DEATHS IN AUSTRALIA * Last updated Aug 11, 2025 * Difficulty Advanced * Posted by Lyla Lindsey * Category Australia Image: how many aboriginal peoples were killed in au...

museumsvictoria.com.au
Internment during World War II Australia
Skip to main content Drawing - Exterior of Huts, Tatura Internment Camp, Karl Muffler, 1942 Creator: Karl Friedrich Muffler Source: Museums Victoria (Licensed as All Rights Reserved) Reuse image...

metropolitiques.eu
Housing the “harkis” : long-term segregation - M;tropolitiques
CAMPS FOR “MUSLIM REFUGEES” Specific reception structures, in the form of transit and redeployment camps, were created and devoted exclusively to former auxiliaries and their families. Bourg-Lastic,...

timenote.info
Algerian War of Independence
ATROCITIES AND WAR CRIMES French atrocities and use of torture Massacres and torture were frequent from the beginning of the colonization of Algeria, which started in 1830. Atrocities committed agai...

germanaustralia.com
Internment of Germans in Australia during World War I
(One can see how society in Australia at that time still felt "British" rather than Australian.) The Camps Image: Photo: camp Internment Camp, Torrens Island, SA, 1914 (State Library of South Austra...
naa.gov.au
Wartime Internment of Japanese Australians | naa.gov.au
ANNOUNCEMENT This content will contain names, images or recordings of people that have since passed. While engaging with this content, you may encounter racist terms and attitudes reflective of the p...

redflag.org.au
Australia’s World War II concentration camps<!-- --> | <!-- -->Red Flag
AUSTRALIA’S WORLD WAR II CONCENTRATION CAMPS Australian history is laced with barbed wire. Today’s refugee concentration camps on Manus Island and Nauru are not really new; Australia has long impriso...

theholocaustexplained.org
Algeria and Morocco – The Holocaust Explained: Designed for schools
Che;mno was established as the first of six main extermination camps in Poland on 7 December 1941. In the spring of 1942, three other extermination camps at Sobib;r (An extermination camp located in...

parsejournal.com
Exhibition as a Form of Writing – PARSE
COMPETING NARRATIVES To tell this little-known history of the French military camps in Algeria, I used public and private audiovisual and textual records that complement or contradict each other. Amo...

oup.com
What Becomes a Refugee Camp? Making Camps for European Refugees in North Africa and the Middle East, 1943–46 | Journal of Refugee Studies | Oxford Academic
FOUKA MARINE The ‘camp’ at Fouka Marine was a small one-storey building by the beach, standing in some land that was used as a kitchen garden. It had once been a hotel, one of a string lining the bea...


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Links

Citations

Atlantic Council
NATO must seize the current strategic opportunity in the Black Sea - Atlantic Council
February 20, 2022

Chatham House
Understanding Russia’s Black Sea strategy | 03 Threat perceptions and the failure of signalling
BlackSeaNews
BlackSeaNews | The Occupation of Crimea and the Situation in the Black Sea Region as Viewed by Western Think Tanks

Atlantic Council
A security strategy for the Black Sea - Atlantic Council
December 15, 2023
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atlanticcouncil.org
Ukraine’s Black Sea success exposes folly of West’s “don't escalate” mantra - Atlantic Council
January 22, 2024 — FURTHER READING UkraineAlert Dec 17, 2023 2024 preview: The West must decide if it wants Ukraine to win By Richard D. Hooker, Jr. If Western leaders fail to provide Ukraine with the weapons to defeat...

dfrlab.org
Russian War Report: Black Sea military operations approach NATO countries’ waters - DFRLab
September 21, 2023 — ISSUES Advertising API Arms Control Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence BalticBrief Botnets Botspot Brigading BuiltWIth Business Business Business Buzzsumo Civil Society Climate Change &...

karadeniz-press.ro
Analysis | Karadeniz Press – Black Sea Geopolitics
LONG;TERM SUPPORT FOR UKRAINE AND NATO’S FORCE EVOLUTION NATO’s 2024 Annual Report frames the war in Ukraine not merely as a regional conflict, but as a long-term, systemic contest with far-reaching...

europa.eu
Think Tank reports on Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine - Consilium
Image: Ukrainian flag with airplanes. ©Getty Images 19.04.2024 The Polish Institute of International Affairs (PISM) Ukraine strategic futures The policy paper examines three strategic futures for Uk...
umu.se
The Russia-NATO-Ukraine information crisis
What the questions and answers do not consider is the ignored essence of diplomacy and politics, that is, the relation between knowledge, power, and especially ethics, the less so as grounded in theol...

deepblack.pro
Deep Black - Intelligence and Strategic Communication
STRATEGIC ASSESSMENTS OF FUTURE WAR Among the most fateful assessments communicated by European intelligence agencies since the beginning of Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine are those undersco...

geostrategy.org.uk
Ukraine and the Black Sea – Council on Geostrategy
Since Russia’s illegal annexation of Crimea in 2014, and subsequent ‘special military operation’ against Ukraine in 2022, the Black Sea, once a relatively peaceful, if not particularly prosperous, are...

trendsresearch.org
TRENDS Research & Advisory - Russia’s action in Ukraine and NATO’s part in the story
Of course, it takes two to tango and Russia’s own actions are also crucial to understanding the changing geopolitics of Eastern Europe. Russia’s resurgence under Putin and, in particular, its




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Свежие новости о крупных учениях НАТО и ядерном сдерживании
AP News
NATO begins a big nuclear exercise next week. Protecting the weapons is a key part of the drill
19 days ago
ft.com
UK and France vow to co-ordinate nuclear weapons for first time
Jul 10, 2025
thetimes.co.uk
Nato on tenterhooks as Russia starts war games in Belarus
Sep 12, 2025


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Links

Citations
NATO
NATO's nuclear deterrence policy and forces
June 24, 2025 — The exercise involves fighter aircraft capable of carrying nuclear weapons, but does not involve any live weapons. The exercise is not linked ...

Defense News
NATO to kick off annual nuclear deterrence exercise with more aircraft
October 10, 2025 — This year's edition of Steadfast Noon, which comes at a time of heightened nuclear tension, will involve 71 aircraft from 14 countries.

forsvaret.dk
Denmark participates in NATO;s annual nuclear deterrence exercise
October 14, 2025 — From 13 to 24 October, the Danish Armed Forces will participate in the NATO exercise Steadfast Noon 2025, which aims to train and demonstrate ...

Federation of American Scientists
NATO Tactical Nuclear Weapons Exercise And Base Upgrades
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More

zamin.uz
NATO launches nuclear exercise: “Steadfast Noon” puts Europe on ...
October 14, 2025 — On October 13, NATO officially began its annual nuclear deterrence exercise — Steadfast Noon. This year's drills are being held over the ...

mundoamerica.com
NATO begins a big nuclear exercise next week. Protecting the ...
October 14, 2025 — NATO begins a big nuclear exercise next week. Protecting the weapons is a key part of the drill. AP. Updated 10/14/2025 - ...
kurdistan24.net
NATO Launches Annual Nuclear Exercise Amid Rising Global ...
October 14, 2025 — The Netherlands is hosting the 2025 exercise, with operations centered at Volkel Air Base and additional activity in Belgium, the United Kingdom ...

breakingdefense.com
Sweden sending Gripens to NATO's Steadfast Noon nuclear drill, in ...
October 10, 2025 — NATO has yet not stated the extent of this year's exercise, but according to news reports, 71 aircraft from 14 nations are taking part this year ...

rferl.org
Russia Looks To Gauge NATO With Zapad War Games. Here's What ...
September 12, 2025 — The Zapad-2025 drills that began on September 12 will take place in Belarus and Russia and will last until September 16. Russian officials said ...

eurasiantimes.com
Indian Military Joins Russia & Belarus For "Nuclear" Zapad-2025 ...
September 10, 2025 — Belarusian Defense Minister Viktor Khrenin confirmed that Zapad-2025 will include training for the deployment of nuclear weapons, specifically ...

chathamhouse.org
Zapad 2025: What the Russia–Belarus military exercise will reveal ...
September 5, 2025 — The Russia–Belarus Zapad 2025 military exercise is currently underway. The 'hot phase' is scheduled for 12–16 September but the drills have ...

reuters.com
Russian and Belarusian military exercises next month to ... - Reuters
August 13, 2025 — Joint exercises to be held by the Russian and Belarusian armies next month will include drills on the planned use of nuclear weapons and the ...

foreignaffairs.com
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nato.int
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defenseone.com
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dgap.org
Zapad-2025 and Russia's War Planning | DGAP
June 16, 2025 — From September 12 to 16, Russia is conducting its Zapad-25 exercise, which will take place mainly on Belarusian territory – a geographical area ...

dvidshub.net
426th ABS enhances readiness through CBRN training with ... - DVIDS
May 30, 2025 — ... Nuclear (CBRN) classroom training for U.S. Airmen from the 426th Air Base Squadron at KNM Harald Haarfagre, Stavanger, Norway, May 20, 2025.

grosswald.org
NATO Exercises 2025: The Complete Guide to Allied Readiness
May 5, 2025 — Dates reflect the latest NATO release (29 April 2025) and may shift; always check this page for updates. Flagship Drills to Watch in 2025.

airandspaceforces.com
NATO to Focus on 'Realistic Combat Scenarios' in Ramstein Flag 2025
March 24, 2025 — NATO will conduct Ramstein Flag, a major exercise to practice interoperability between allied air forces in a contested environment.
nato.int
NATO Crisis Management Exercise 2025 (CMX25)
March 10, 2025 — The Crisis Management Exercise 2025 (CMX25) will take place between 13 and 18 March 2025. This is the Alliance's 24th CMX since 1992.
nato.int
NATO's Largest CBRN Wargame Exercise STEADFAST WOLF 2025 ...
February 7, 2025 — NATO's largest Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear wargame exercise concluded on February 7, 2025 at the Joint Warfare Centre.

thebulletin.org
United States nuclear weapons, 2025 - Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
January 13, 2025 — As of January 2025, we estimate that the US Department of Defense maintained an estimated stockpile of approximately 3,700 nuclear warheads for ...

twz.com
NATO Flexes With Simultaneous Nuclear Strike And Naval Warfare ...
October 25, 2024 — NATO's yearly Steadfast Noon nuclear readiness drills coincided with Strike Warrior that featured a Royal Navy carrier group at its center.
nato.int
News - NATO
NATO will begin its annual nuclear exercise “Steadfast Noon” on Monday (14 October 2024) with more than 60 aircraft taking part in training flights over western ...

wikipedia.org
Zapad 2025 - Wikipedia
Zapad 2025 is a scheduled Russian-Belarusian joint strategic military exercise, to be conducted in Belarus on 12–16 September 2025.


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Ссылки:

Последние новости о обстановке у Венесуэлы и Черного моря
Reuters
Ukraine attacks forced Black Sea Fleet to move warships from Sevastopol, Russian official says
Oct 20, 2024
washingtonpost.com
U.S. sends 8 warships south on anti-cartel mission, unsettling Venezuela
Aug 27, 2025
apnews.com
Maduro says Venezuela ready to respond to US military presence in the Caribbean
Sep 1, 2025


Links

Citations
NATO
Strengthening NATO's eastern flank
6 days ago — NATO has increased its military presence along its eastern flank as a direct result of Russia's behaviour, which reflects a pattern of ...

Wikipedia
Black Sea Fleet
The Black Sea Fleet has its official primary headquarters and facilities at the Sevastopol Naval Base, Crimea, which Russia annexed from Ukraine in 2014.

Wikipedia
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Al Jazeera
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wikipedia.org
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wikipedia.org
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In late August 2025, the United States began a naval buildup in the southern Caribbean with the stated goal being to combat drug trafficking.
journalpsa.com.pk
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athenalab.org
How annexing Crimea has affected the Russian Navy and ...
Annexing Crimea positively affected the Russian Navy, especially with the removal of restrictions on Sevastopol, and overall power projection in the Black Sea.

navytimes.com
Carrier's move to South America leaves Mideast, Europe ...
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chathamhouse.org
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newsweek.com
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marshallcenter.org
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Russian defenses can control the entire Black Sea from Crimea, including all approaches to Russian coastal areas. Russia has been deploying similar ...

warontherocks.com
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indiatoday.in
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fpri.org
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reuters.com
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sfl.media
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4 hours ago — Every action in Venezuela points toward one ultimate goal, Havana. Cuba has survived 60 years of U.S. sanctions, propaganda, and proxy wars.

wsws.org
Pentagon moving massive naval force towards Venezuela
3 days ago — The Trump administration is mobilizing the largest naval force in the Caribbean Sea since the 1962 Cuban missile crisis, in open preparation ...


###



Links

Citations

Wikipedia
Shark Island concentration camp

The National Archives
The South African War: Source 8a - The National Archives
angloboerwar.com
Anglo Boer War - Concentration camps - Introduction

South African History Online
Black Concentration Camps during the Second Anglo-Boer War, 1900-1902 | South African History Online

Russia Beyond
What was the GULAG? - Russia Beyond

Wikipedia
Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin

Cato Institute
Russia Closes Gulag Memorial, but Communist Oppression Must Not Be Forgotten | Cato Institute

Wikipedia
Gulag
More

uwidata.com
Britain’s Legacy in Africa: Origins of the World’s First Concentration Camps – United World International
April 20, 2025 — By Dr. Halim Gen;o;lu The first modern concentration camps in history were shown by the British during the Second Anglo-Boer War (1899–1902) in South Africa. These camps marked a significant and cont...

wmbr.org.za
Concentration Camps - Anglo-Boer War Museum: An agency of the Department of Sports, Arts and Culture
September 22, 2022 — HISTORY OF THE ANGLO-BOER WAR Introduction to war Role Players and Figures Concentration Camps Prisoners of War * Concentration Camps * Black Camps * Concentration Camps * Black Camps CONCENTRA...

africanliberty.org
How 48,000 Died in Concentration Camps During The Boer War in South Africa | Fransjohan Pretorius
April 8, 2019 — HOW 48,000 DIED IN CONCENTRATION CAMPS DURING THE BOER WAR IN SOUTH AFRICA * April 8, 2019 * author: Fransjohan Pretorius More than a century after 48,000 people died in concentration camps in what’...

samilhistory.com
Debunking the myth that the British invented the ‘concentration camp’ | The Observation Post
December 7, 2018 — A rebellion had broken out in Cuba, then a Spanish colony in 1895.  The rebels, outnumbered by Spanish government troops, turned to guerrilla warfare (and here another myth which says the Boer’s inven...

topwar.ru
Stalin's Gulag
September 13, 2018 — GULAG: ARCHIVES AGAINST LIES 13 September 2018 158 369 259 Genuine data show a reality that is fundamentally different from the one that from the school bench is embedded in the minds of people both...

reseauinternational.net
Real figures from the Gulag: the historical facts. - R;seau International
November 14, 2017 — * Lies & Manipulation * /14 November 2017 * /R;seau International TRUE GULAG NUMBERS: THE HISTORICAL FACTS. Print ; Pdf ; Following the fall of the USSR, the archives of the Soviet Union were wide...

espressostalinist.com
On the deaths in Stalin’s USSR – The Espresso Stalinist
March 16, 2013 — Evidence from the Soviet archives indicates that the officials responsible for the political repression of the 1930s sincerely felt the victims were guilty of some crime such as sabotage, spying, or t...
cambridge.org
Refugees (Chapter 8) - Black People and the South African War 1899–1902
Search Institution Login Search Menu links 1. Browse 2. Services 3. Open research 8 - REFUGEES Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 September 2009 Peter Warwick Get access SUMM...
cambridge.org
Black People and the South African War 1899–1902
SUMMARY Between June 1901 and May 1902, 27,927 Boer refugees perished in British concentration camps in South Africa, a death toll of extraordinary proportions that probably amounted to twice the num...

twitter.com
X
How many died under Soviet rule Estimating the number of deaths under Soviet rule is a complex and debated topic among historians, with figures varying widely depending on the sources, methods, and c...

twitter.com
X
* Soviet Archival Data (Post-1991): According to declassified Soviet records cited in the web results: * Executions (1921–1953): 799,455 people were executed, many of whom were Russians, as the policy...

sahistory.org.za
Anglo-Boer War 2: The officially reported Black concentration camp population in the sixty-six Black camps reach 115,700.  523 | South African History Online
ANGLO-BOER WAR 2: THE OFFICIALLY REPORTED BLACK CONCENTRATION CAMP POPULATION IN THE SIXTY-SIX BLACK CAMPS REACH 115,700.  523 Published 25 May 2012Updated 30 September 2019 Cite This Page EXPLORE...
nzhistory.govt.nz
South African concentration camps | NZ History
Skip to main content SOUTH AFRICAN CONCENTRATION CAMPS Painting of Boer families burying their dead outside a British concentration camp in South Africa. CONCENTRATION CAMPS ‘Concentration camps’...

wsws.org
Appendix II: Statistics about the Victims of Mass Repressions
That has not been the case with contemporaries of Stalin’s repressions. Staggered by their unprecedented scale, they published figures they invented and presented them as reliable. Thus, in 1945, Alex...

ihr.org
The Boer War Remembered
In a report to members of Parliament, Hobhouse described conditions in one camp she had visited: note 25 > … A six month old baby [is] gasping its life out on its mother’s knee. Next [tent]: a child...

nih.gov
Suicide in the Soviet Gulag camps - PubMed
Skip to main page content Save Email Send to Display options Full text links Cite Display options ABSTRACT About 18 million Soviet citizens passed through the Gulag system of labor and concentr...

medium.com
USSR and the Gulags | by MAC- Marxist Anti-imperialist Collective | Jul, 2025 | Medium
Sitemap USSR AND THE GULAGS MAC- Marxist Anti-imperialist Collective 9 min readJul 25, 2025 -- Listen Share First of all, let’s break the norms and put here my resources. I exclude Werth becaus...
aleteia.org
30th anniversary of end of USSR a time to recall millions of victims of communism
DISPUTED NUMBERS In 1997, a number of European academics published The Black Book of Communism in French. That volume, whose English translation was brought out by Harvard in 1999,  estimates the num...
socialhistoryportal.org
The History of the GULAG | Social History Portal
Based on his knowledge of the archives, Khlevniuk provides clarification to the debate.Concerning the scale of the repression, he notes that the NKVD data does not include arrests and sentences by pol...

nationalarchives.gov.uk
The South African War: Source 8d - The National Archives
Home >  Education > Classroom resources > The South African War > 1 – MRS. T. 2 – Kaffirfontein, District Winburg. 3 – Four children living, 10-5 years. 4 – Husband on commando so far as she knows. 5...
boer-war.com
The Boer Wars - Second Boer War - Concentration Camps
Image | CONCENTRATION CAMPS These camps had were originally set up for refugees whose farms had been destroyed by the British "Scorched Earth" policy (the burning down all Boer homesteads and farms...

oup.com
The Authoritarian Empires in the First World War | Concentration Camps: A Global History | Oxford Academic
Skip to Main Content Concentration Camps: A Global History Alan Kramer https://doi.org/10.1093/9780192520906.001.0001 Published: 01 April 2025 Available in print: 28 April 2025 Online ISBN: 9...

oup.com
Concentration Camps after the Second World War | Concentration Camps: A Global History | Oxford Academic
Skip to Main Content Concentration Camps: A Global History Alan Kramer https://doi.org/10.1093/9780192520906.001.0001 Published: 01 April 2025 Available in print: 28 April 2025 Online ISBN: 9...

lbi.org
CONCENTRATION CAMPS EXISTED LONG BEFORE HITLER CAME TO POWER - Leo Baeck Institute
Skip to main content Image: 3640951_lo-83-8a David Ludwig Bloch, Barbed Wire, LBI 83.8a. CONCENTRATION CAMPS EXISTED LONG BEFORE HITLER CAME TO POWERCONCENTRATION CAMPS EXISTED LONG BEFORE HITLER CAM...

militaryheritagetourism.info
Concentration Camp
CONCENTRATION CAMP I World War I, I Wars of Independence, Independence of the Baltic States, II World War II, IV Soviet Occupation Aerial photo of Salaspils camp. 1944. Source: National Archives of L...

routledge.com
Empires and Colonial Incarceration in the Twentieth Century - 1st Edit
1st Edition EMPIRES AND COLONIAL INCARCERATION IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY Edited By Philip J. Havik, Helena Pinto Janeiro, Pedro Aires Oliveira, Irene Flunser Pimentel Copyright 2022 246 Pages by Ro...

smithsonianmag.com
Concentration Camps Existed Long Before Auschwitz
Skip to main content Image: An illustration by cartoonist Jean Veber depicts British Army troops rounding up South African Boer civilians An illustration by cartoonist Jean Veber depicts British Army...

eurozine.com
The concentration camp | Eurozine
The first form of contextualization is chronological. It is tempting to search for the roots of the concentration camp in nineteenth-century narratives of colonial expansion or civil wars, and althoug...

warwick.ac.uk
The colonial development of concentration camps (1868–1902) - WRAP: Warwick Research Archive Portal
THE COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT OF CONCENTRATION CAMPS (1868–1902) Smith, Iain R. and Stucki, Andreas (2011) The colonial development of concentration camps (1868–1902). The Journal of Imperial and Commonwe...

linkedin.com
England’s Imperial Legacy: A Forgotten History of Exploitation & Violence
2. The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919): Also known as the Amritsar Massacre, this event occurred when British troops under Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer opened fire on unarmed Indian protesters in...
tcd.ie
Concentration Camps: A Global History - Trinity Long Room Hub Arts & Humanities Research Institute | Trinity College Dublin
CONCENTRATION CAMPS: A GLOBAL HISTORY Date: 29 Sep - 29 Sep 2025 Time: 13:00 - 14:00 Venue: Neill Lecture Theatre, Trinity Long Room Hub Prof Alan Kramer in conversation with Dr Patrick Houlihan (...


###




Links

Citations

Wikipedia
Shark Island concentration camp

The National Archives
The South African War: Source 8a - The National Archives
angloboerwar.com
Anglo Boer War - Concentration camps - Introduction

South African History Online
Black Concentration Camps during the Second Anglo-Boer War, 1900-1902 | South African History Online

Russia Beyond
What was the GULAG? - Russia Beyond

Wikipedia
Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin

Cato Institute
Russia Closes Gulag Memorial, but Communist Oppression Must Not Be Forgotten | Cato Institute

Wikipedia
Gulag
More

uwidata.com
Britain’s Legacy in Africa: Origins of the World’s First Concentration Camps – United World International
April 20, 2025 — By Dr. Halim Gen;o;lu The first modern concentration camps in history were shown by the British during the Second Anglo-Boer War (1899–1902) in South Africa. These camps marked a significant and cont...

wmbr.org.za
Concentration Camps - Anglo-Boer War Museum: An agency of the Department of Sports, Arts and Culture
September 22, 2022 — HISTORY OF THE ANGLO-BOER WAR Introduction to war Role Players and Figures Concentration Camps Prisoners of War * Concentration Camps * Black Camps * Concentration Camps * Black Camps CONCENTRA...

africanliberty.org
How 48,000 Died in Concentration Camps During The Boer War in South Africa | Fransjohan Pretorius
April 8, 2019 — HOW 48,000 DIED IN CONCENTRATION CAMPS DURING THE BOER WAR IN SOUTH AFRICA * April 8, 2019 * author: Fransjohan Pretorius More than a century after 48,000 people died in concentration camps in what’...

samilhistory.com
Debunking the myth that the British invented the ‘concentration camp’ | The Observation Post
December 7, 2018 — A rebellion had broken out in Cuba, then a Spanish colony in 1895.  The rebels, outnumbered by Spanish government troops, turned to guerrilla warfare (and here another myth which says the Boer’s inven...

topwar.ru
Stalin's Gulag
September 13, 2018 — GULAG: ARCHIVES AGAINST LIES 13 September 2018 158 369 259 Genuine data show a reality that is fundamentally different from the one that from the school bench is embedded in the minds of people both...

reseauinternational.net
Real figures from the Gulag: the historical facts. - R;seau International
November 14, 2017 — * Lies & Manipulation * /14 November 2017 * /R;seau International TRUE GULAG NUMBERS: THE HISTORICAL FACTS. Print ; Pdf ; Following the fall of the USSR, the archives of the Soviet Union were wide...

espressostalinist.com
On the deaths in Stalin’s USSR – The Espresso Stalinist
March 16, 2013 — Evidence from the Soviet archives indicates that the officials responsible for the political repression of the 1930s sincerely felt the victims were guilty of some crime such as sabotage, spying, or t...
cambridge.org
Refugees (Chapter 8) - Black People and the South African War 1899–1902
Search Institution Login Search Menu links 1. Browse 2. Services 3. Open research 8 - REFUGEES Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 September 2009 Peter Warwick Get access SUMM...
cambridge.org
Black People and the South African War 1899–1902
SUMMARY Between June 1901 and May 1902, 27,927 Boer refugees perished in British concentration camps in South Africa, a death toll of extraordinary proportions that probably amounted to twice the num...

twitter.com
X
How many died under Soviet rule Estimating the number of deaths under Soviet rule is a complex and debated topic among historians, with figures varying widely depending on the sources, methods, and c...

twitter.com
X
* Soviet Archival Data (Post-1991): According to declassified Soviet records cited in the web results: * Executions (1921–1953): 799,455 people were executed, many of whom were Russians, as the policy...

sahistory.org.za
Anglo-Boer War 2: The officially reported Black concentration camp population in the sixty-six Black camps reach 115,700.  523 | South African History Online
ANGLO-BOER WAR 2: THE OFFICIALLY REPORTED BLACK CONCENTRATION CAMP POPULATION IN THE SIXTY-SIX BLACK CAMPS REACH 115,700.  523 Published 25 May 2012Updated 30 September 2019 Cite This Page EXPLORE...
nzhistory.govt.nz
South African concentration camps | NZ History
Skip to main content SOUTH AFRICAN CONCENTRATION CAMPS Painting of Boer families burying their dead outside a British concentration camp in South Africa. CONCENTRATION CAMPS ‘Concentration camps’...

wsws.org
Appendix II: Statistics about the Victims of Mass Repressions
That has not been the case with contemporaries of Stalin’s repressions. Staggered by their unprecedented scale, they published figures they invented and presented them as reliable. Thus, in 1945, Alex...

ihr.org
The Boer War Remembered
In a report to members of Parliament, Hobhouse described conditions in one camp she had visited: note 25 > … A six month old baby [is] gasping its life out on its mother’s knee. Next [tent]: a child...

nih.gov
Suicide in the Soviet Gulag camps - PubMed
Skip to main page content Save Email Send to Display options Full text links Cite Display options ABSTRACT About 18 million Soviet citizens passed through the Gulag system of labor and concentr...

medium.com
USSR and the Gulags | by MAC- Marxist Anti-imperialist Collective | Jul, 2025 | Medium
Sitemap USSR AND THE GULAGS MAC- Marxist Anti-imperialist Collective 9 min readJul 25, 2025 -- Listen Share First of all, let’s break the norms and put here my resources. I exclude Werth becaus...
aleteia.org
30th anniversary of end of USSR a time to recall millions of victims of communism
DISPUTED NUMBERS In 1997, a number of European academics published The Black Book of Communism in French. That volume, whose English translation was brought out by Harvard in 1999,  estimates the num...
socialhistoryportal.org
The History of the GULAG | Social History Portal
Based on his knowledge of the archives, Khlevniuk provides clarification to the debate.Concerning the scale of the repression, he notes that the NKVD data does not include arrests and sentences by pol...

nationalarchives.gov.uk
The South African War: Source 8d - The National Archives
Home >  Education > Classroom resources > The South African War > 1 – MRS. T. 2 – Kaffirfontein, District Winburg. 3 – Four children living, 10-5 years. 4 – Husband on commando so far as she knows. 5...
boer-war.com
The Boer Wars - Second Boer War - Concentration Camps
Image | CONCENTRATION CAMPS These camps had were originally set up for refugees whose farms had been destroyed by the British "Scorched Earth" policy (the burning down all Boer homesteads and farms...

oup.com
The Authoritarian Empires in the First World War | Concentration Camps: A Global History | Oxford Academic
Skip to Main Content Concentration Camps: A Global History Alan Kramer https://doi.org/10.1093/9780192520906.001.0001 Published: 01 April 2025 Available in print: 28 April 2025 Online ISBN: 9...

oup.com
Concentration Camps after the Second World War | Concentration Camps: A Global History | Oxford Academic
Skip to Main Content Concentration Camps: A Global History Alan Kramer https://doi.org/10.1093/9780192520906.001.0001 Published: 01 April 2025 Available in print: 28 April 2025 Online ISBN: 9...

lbi.org
CONCENTRATION CAMPS EXISTED LONG BEFORE HITLER CAME TO POWER - Leo Baeck Institute
Skip to main content Image: 3640951_lo-83-8a David Ludwig Bloch, Barbed Wire, LBI 83.8a. CONCENTRATION CAMPS EXISTED LONG BEFORE HITLER CAME TO POWERCONCENTRATION CAMPS EXISTED LONG BEFORE HITLER CAM...

militaryheritagetourism.info
Concentration Camp
CONCENTRATION CAMP I World War I, I Wars of Independence, Independence of the Baltic States, II World War II, IV Soviet Occupation Aerial photo of Salaspils camp. 1944. Source: National Archives of L...

routledge.com
Empires and Colonial Incarceration in the Twentieth Century - 1st Edit
1st Edition EMPIRES AND COLONIAL INCARCERATION IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY Edited By Philip J. Havik, Helena Pinto Janeiro, Pedro Aires Oliveira, Irene Flunser Pimentel Copyright 2022 246 Pages by Ro...

smithsonianmag.com
Concentration Camps Existed Long Before Auschwitz
Skip to main content Image: An illustration by cartoonist Jean Veber depicts British Army troops rounding up South African Boer civilians An illustration by cartoonist Jean Veber depicts British Army...

eurozine.com
The concentration camp | Eurozine
The first form of contextualization is chronological. It is tempting to search for the roots of the concentration camp in nineteenth-century narratives of colonial expansion or civil wars, and althoug...

warwick.ac.uk
The colonial development of concentration camps (1868–1902) - WRAP: Warwick Research Archive Portal
THE COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT OF CONCENTRATION CAMPS (1868–1902) Smith, Iain R. and Stucki, Andreas (2011) The colonial development of concentration camps (1868–1902). The Journal of Imperial and Commonwe...

linkedin.com
England’s Imperial Legacy: A Forgotten History of Exploitation & Violence
2. The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919): Also known as the Amritsar Massacre, this event occurred when British troops under Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer opened fire on unarmed Indian protesters in...
tcd.ie
Concentration Camps: A Global History - Trinity Long Room Hub Arts & Humanities Research Institute | Trinity College Dublin
CONCENTRATION CAMPS: A GLOBAL HISTORY Date: 29 Sep - 29 Sep 2025 Time: 13:00 - 14:00 Venue: Neill Lecture Theatre, Trinity Long Room Hub Prof Alan Kramer in conversation with Dr Patrick Houlihan (..