Fog of war

Magnificent Vietnam Warrior Reveals Combat, Bullets, Napalm & Social War Activism

David Hoffman
Dec 11, 2021 

Vietnam War (dvd)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_A._Christian

Vietnam War: America's Conflict; DVD; Author - Vietnam War: America's Conflict
Green Beret David Christian was unquestionably a war hero in the Vietnam war and as he says, fought valiantly on behalf of the USA. My team and I conducted more than 200 interviews in 1989 from people who had lived through the 1960s and had strong feelings about what they had witnessed and lived through, not only during the war, but in the 1950s growing up and in the time since that war has ended.  David Christian was wounded 7 times receiving 7 purple hearts as well as the Distinguished Service Cross for heroism. When he returned from the war, he worked as he does today, to help Vietnam veterans. Bill Ehrhardt, who presents his story in my very popular video clip, “Magnificent Storyteller Soldier” shared his personal experience. Many of my subscribers have reacted to it.  I feel that David Christian is an equally powerful storyteller whose war perceptions and experiences were quite different.  In this video he reflects on his early upbringing in the 1950s, his Catholicism, his powerful relationship with his mother, his experiences with college protesters in the antiwar movement, his return to America and his battles to help his fellow veterans deal with PTSD, job opportunities and other issues that they have confronted.  His story evolves during the interview as he expresses more and more deeply, how he felt and what he saw and how he dealt with it.

Here is what CHATGPT writes about him:
David Christian is a decorated Vietnam War veteran and a recognized war hero in the United States. Born on October 26, 1947, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Christian enlisted in the United States Army in 1966 at the age of 18. He served as a combat infantryman in the 1st Infantry Division and later as a Special Forces officer.

Christian's military career is distinguished by numerous awards and commendations, including the Distinguished Service Cross, the Silver Star, two Bronze Stars, and seven Purple Hearts, among others. These awards attest to his courage, leadership, and sacrifice during his time in Vietnam.

After returning from the war, Christian became an advocate for veterans' rights and worked to improve the conditions and benefits for his fellow veterans. He has spoken openly about his experiences in Vietnam and the challenges that veterans face upon their return to civilian life. As a result, Christian has made significant contributions to the understanding and support of veterans in the United States.

Christian's story, both as a soldier and as a veterans' advocate, highlights the importance of recognizing the sacrifices and bravery of military personnel, as well as the need for ongoing support for veterans as they transition back into civilian life.

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6 Facts and 6 Myths About the Vietnam War Every American Needs to Know

Amid the dense jungles and turbulent political landscapes, the Vietnam War remains a subject of great intrigue and debate. Beneath the well-trodden narratives lie complexities that reveal the gritty fabric of this era. Exploring lesser-known facts and dispelling persistent myths can offer a richer understanding of the war's impact on American society. These insights challenge what many think they know, encouraging a deeper contemplation of historical truths.

Fact: The War's Length and Cost

Spanning over 19 years from 1955 to 1975, the Vietnam War stretched far beyond the headline dates, entangling American politics and society far longer than often acknowledged. The financial burden, amounting to over $168 billion—equivalent to over a trillion today—drained the U.S. economy. This prolonged engagement wasn't merely a military saga but a staggering economic and social commitment that reshaped America’s fiscal priorities and tested its societal resilience.

Fact: The Role of the Draft

The military draft, a divisive tool of the era, became emblematic of national inequality. Though drafted soldiers fought bravely, draft policies disproportionately affected working-class men and minorities. The exception system allowed wealthier individuals to evade service more easily, fueling a national dialogue on fairness and equality. The resentment birthed a seismic shift in public sentiment, prompting significant changes in how future conflicts would approach military service.

Fact: Media's Impact on Public Opinion©CC BY 4.0/Wikimedia Commons

Television brought the war into American living rooms like no conflict before, a vivid tide of images shaping public perception. The stark footage of jungles, soldiers, and casualties painted a raw reality, swaying public opinion and generating intense debate. This war marked a turning point in media influence, showcasing its power to mold national narratives and shift political landscapes, often challenging official accounts and demanding greater accountability from leadership.

Fact: The Anti-War Movement's Reach

While often seen as a young radicals’ domain, the anti-war movement's depth included veterans, mothers, and religious leaders. Its breadth demonstrated a widespread discontent cutting across demographic and ideological lines. This coalition, diverse yet unified in dissent, pressured political icons and reshaped the cultural ethos. A testament to democracy's robust spirit, the movement carved new pathways for civic engagement, illustrating the power of collective voices in shaping policy.

Fact: The Tet Offensive’s Significance

The Tet Offensive, launched in 1968, shattered the illusion of a nearing American victory in Vietnam. By attacking over 100 cities, the Viet Cong shifted public perception, exposing vulnerabilities in U.S. military strategy. Media coverage brought the brutal reality into American living rooms, fueling skepticism and anti-war sentiment. This was not just a military assault but a psychological victory for North Vietnam, transforming how the war was perceived and impacting future decisions of U.S. policymakers.

Fact: The Aftermath for Veterans

Returning veterans faced a complex homecoming, often greeted not with recognition but indifference or hostility. Struggling with PTSD, many found insufficient support systems, while societal stigma further isolated them. Unlike previous wars, Vietnam veterans dealt with the blame of an unpopular conflict, redesigning how America perceived its warriors. Efforts to mend these wounds have evolved into stronger veteran support systems today, acknowledging their sacrifices and fostering a national commitment toward those who served.

Myth: Vietnam as a Civil War Only

While the Vietnam conflict bore elements of a civil war, reducing it to merely that dimension oversimplifies its complexity. The Cold War context transformed it into a proxy battle, with superpowers vying for influence in Southeast Asia. The war embodied ideological confrontations and geopolitical maneuverings, involving not just Vietnamese factions but also significant international players. This multifaceted nature expanded the conflict beyond local borders, deeply entangling global narratives with national struggles.

Myth: All Vietnam Veterans Were Draftees

A pervasive myth suggests that most Vietnam veterans were draftees; however, volunteers constituted a significant portion. Approximately two-thirds of those who served enlisted willingly, driven by diverse motivations—patriotism, duty, or seeking adventure. This distinction challenges prevalent narratives and underscores diverse personal stories within those ranks. Recognizing their voluntary commitment provides a nuanced understanding of the broader human aspects of a war often overshadowed by political discourse.

Myth: The U.S. Won Most Battles

While statistics might suggest the U.S. exhibited superior battlefield prowess, translating tactical victories into strategic success proved elusive. Guerrilla warfare, unfamiliar terrain, and underestimated determination of the Viet Cong eroded U.S. advantages. Many triumphs came at a great cost and failed to secure lasting gains. These challenges underscore how traditional military measures of success were insufficient in a war marked by its unconventional adversaries, reflecting broader lessons on the nature of modern conflict.

Myth: Vietnam Was a War for Democracy

While commonly framed as a battle between communism and democracy, the true motives behind U.S. involvement were far more complex. Rooted in Cold War strategies, a domino theory dominated American policy, fearing a ripple effect of communism in Southeast Asia. Yet, the internal politics of Vietnam weren’t solely about a binary choice between ideologies. Nationalism, colonial legacies, and regional tensions played crucial roles. The narrative of democracy oversimplifies these intricacies, veiling layers of history and politics that defined Vietnam’s landscape.

Myth: The War Was Primarily Fought in Jungles

Images of dense jungles pervade popular portrayals of the Vietnam War, but this view is highly misleading. While the lush, oppressive jungles of Vietnam are iconic, the conflict stretched beyond these green vistas. Rice paddies, urban centers, and even highlands bore witness to intense warfare. The urban battles, such as during the Tet Offensive, showcased how Vietnamese cities became major battlefields. Limiting the war to jungles disregards the varied terrains that shaped both the strategies and experiences of those involved.
Plus underground 
Vietnam War Tunnel Rats
Imagine crawling your way through a seemingly never-ending series of foreign underground tunnels, armed only with a flashlight, a knife, and a small pistol. For the Vietnam War tunnel rats, these missions formed part of their day-to-day lives.

Myth: POWs Were Immediately Returned

Many assume that prisoners of war (POWs) were swiftly repatriated after the ceasefire, but the reality was fraught with complexity and delay. The final American POWs weren't released until 1973, two years after major U.S. combat operations ended. Negotiations were tense and riddled with distrust. Moreover, controversies surrounding unreturned soldiers fueled public frustration and speculation for decades, leading to persistent myths about missing personnel, revealing tensions simmering long after the last troops departed.

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Secret Stimulants of the Vietnam War: How Drugs Forged an Unstoppable Soldier

August 1964. US President Lyndon B. Johnson has inherited an ongoing crisis in the south-east Asian nation of Vietnam from his predecessor, John F. Kennedy. The crisis involves the spreading of communism from North Vietnam into the south and potentially beyond, threatening the US position in the region against the Soviet Union in the Cold War. At first, he adopts the policy of training and equipping the South Vietnamese Army to fight the war themselves but when a US warship is attacked in the Gulf of Tonkin, he and his government feel the fight now requires more direct involvement. The US military complex was unlike any other on the planet in 1964. Large and highly sophisticated, it was believed that it could achieve any objective put before it and yet in Vietnam, this technical marvel was forced to get down in the mud to fight its enemy. This led US leaders to look back at improving the most valuable piece of equipment at their disposal – the US soldier. Science offered the possibility of giving the US trooper greater endurance, strength, aggression against the enemy and protection from the stresses of war. This was the era of the drug-enhanced super soldier but as history would prove it would come at a cost. This is the story of how the Vietnam War would become the Pharmacological War.

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Fog of war
 
Robert McNamara- IBM with legs?


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The fog of war meaning

"Fog of War": Errol Morris and Robert McNamara interview ...


"Fog of War": Errol Morris and Robert McNamara interview (2003)
Director Errol Morris and former Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara describe their documentary "Fog of War" which follows the life of McNamara
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To comfort the enemy

The evil comes from good people


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Fog of war

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the military phrase. For the documentary film, see The Fog of War.
The fog of war is the uncertainty in situational awareness experienced by participants in military operations.[1] The term seeks to capture the uncertainty regarding one's own capability, adversary capability, and adversary intent during an engagement, operation, or campaign. Military forces try to reduce the fog of war through military intelligence and friendly force tracking systems.

The term has become commonly used to define uncertainty mechanics in wargames.

Origin
The word "fog" (German: Nebel), but not the exact phrase, in reference to 'uncertainty in war' was introduced by the Prussian military analyst Carl von Clausewitz in his posthumously published book, Vom Kriege (1832), the English translation of which was published as On War (1873):

War is the realm of uncertainty; three quarters of the factors on which action in war is based are wrapped in a fog of greater or lesser uncertainty. A sensitive and discriminating judgment is called for; a skilled intelligence to scent out the truth.

—;Carl von Clausewitz[2]
It has been pointed out that von Clausewitz does not use the exact phrase "fog of war", and also uses multiple similar metaphors, such as "twilight" and "moonlight", to describe a 'lack of clarity'.[3]

The first known use of the exact phrase in text dates to 1836 in a poem entitled "The Battle of Bunker Hill" by McDonald Clarke.[4] The poem describes an assault by British forces upon an American redoubt during the 1775 Battle of Bunker Hill:

Will they dare a third attack?
Is a question seen in every eye;
Old Put across the neck and back,
Rides slowly, their vengeance to defy—
Wildy, in that deadly hour,
The Ramparts shove their bolted shower,
While mid the waving fog of war,
Thunders the Yankee’s loud hurrah"[5]

The first known attempt to explicitly define the "fog of war" in a military text was made in 1896 in a book titled The Fog of War by Sir Lonsdale Augustus Hale, where it is described as "the state of ignorance in which commanders frequently find themselves as regards the real strength and position, not only of their foes, but also of their friends."[6]

Military
[icon]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2014)
The fog of war is a reality in all military conflict. Precision and certainty are unattainable goals, but modern military doctrine suggests a trade-off of precision and certainty for speed and agility. Militaries employ command and control (C2) systems and doctrine to partially alleviate the fog of war.

The term also applies to the experience of individual soldiers in battle: often cited is the pure confusion of direction, location, and perspective on a battlefield. Officers and soldiers become separated, orders become confused and subject to revision with poor communication. Sounds and vision are limited from the perspective of the individual and may not be easily resolved, resulting in a continuing uncertainty, a perceptual "fog".

The fog of war has been decreasing as intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance technology is improving. In 2016, Chief of Staff of the United States Army Gen. Mark A. Milley stated that "On the future battlefield, if you stay in one place longer than two or three hours, you will be dead... With enemy drones and sensors constantly on the hunt for targets, there won't even be time for four hours' unbroken sleep."

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The Fog of War ( documentary) December 19, 2003

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the documentary film. For the military phrase, see Fog of war.
The Fog of War

Theatrical release poster
Directed by Errol Morris
Produced by Errol Morris
Michael Williams
Julie Ahlberg
Starring Robert McNamara
Cinematography Robert Chappell (interviews)
Peter Donahue
Music by Philip Glass
John Kusiak
Production
companies
RadicalMedia
SenArt Films
Distributed by Sony Pictures Classics
Release dates
May 21, 2003 (Cannes)
December 19, 2003
Running time 107 minutes
Country United States
Language English
Box office $5 million[1]
The Fog of War: Eleven Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara is a 2003 American documentary film about the life and times of former U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, illustrating his observations of the nature of modern warfare. It was directed by Errol Morris and features an original score by Philip Glass. The title derives from the military concept of the "fog of war", which refers to the difficulty of making decisions in the midst of conflict.

The film was screened out of competition at the 2003 Cannes Film Festival[2] and won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature and the Independent Spirit Award for Best Documentary Feature of 2003.[3] In 2019, it was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the United States National Film Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[4]

Summary
Composed of archival footage, recordings from the 1960s of conversations of the United States Cabinet, and new interviews with former—Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, The Fog of War depicts McNamara's life, as seen from his perspective as an eighty-seven-year-old man. It is divided into eleven sections based upon "lessons" Morris derived from his interviews with McNamara, as well as the eleven lessons presented at the end of McNamara's 1995 book, In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam (written with Brian VanDeMark).

Born in San Francisco during World War I, McNamara says his earliest memory is of American troops returning from Europe. Coming from humble origins, he graduated from University of California, Berkeley, where he met his first wife, Margaret Craig, and Harvard Business School, where he went on to teach. During World War II, he served as an officer in the Army Air Forces under General Curtis LeMay, who was later Chief of Staff of the Air Force while McNamara was Secretary of Defense.

After the war, McNamara was one of the Whiz Kids at Ford Motor Company, of which he was briefly president before he left to become Secretary of Defense for newly-elected President John F. Kennedy, a role he continued to hold, until 1968, under President Lyndon Johnson. As Secretary of Defense, McNamara was a controversial figure, and in the film he discusses, in particular, his involvement in the Cuban Missile Crisis and the escalation of the Vietnam War. At some points, McNamara speaks openly and critically about the actions of himself and others, while, at others, he is somewhat defensive and withholding.

Concept
In a 2004 appearance at U.C. Berkeley, director Errol Morris said the documentary had its origins in his interest in McNamara's 2001 book, Wilson's Ghost: Reducing the Risk of Conflict, Killing, and Catastrophe in the 21st Century (written with James G. Blight).[5] Morris initially approached McNamara about an interview for an hour-long television special, but, after the interview was extended multiple times, he decided to make a feature film instead;[6] ultimately, Morris interviewed McNamara for some twenty hours. At the event at U.C. Berkeley, McNamara disagreed with the interpretations of the lessons that Morris used in The Fog of War, and he later provided ten new lessons for a special feature on the DVD release of the film. When asked to apply the lessons from In Retrospect to the U.S. invasion of Iraq, McNamara refused, arguing that ex-secretaries of defense must not comment upon the policies of the incumbent defense secretary, though he did suggest other people could apply the lessons to the war in Iraq, as they are about war in general, not a specific war.

For his interviews with McNamara, Morris used a special device he had developed called the "Interrotron", which projects images of interviewer and interviewee on two-way mirrors in front of their respective cameras so each appears to be talking directly to the other. The use of this device is intended to approximate an actual interaction between the two, while encouraging the subject to make direct eye contact with the camera and, therefore, the audience.

Reception
Reviews for the film were very positive. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, it has an approval rating of 96%, based on 142 reviews, and an average rating of 8.32/10; the website's critical consensus states: "The Fog of War draws on decades of bitter experience to offer a piercing perspective on the Cold War from one of its major architects."[7] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 87 out of 100, from 36 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[8]

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times wrote: "Although McNamara is photographed through the Interrotron, the movie is far from offering only a talking head. Morris is uncanny in his ability to bring life to the abstract, and here he uses graphics, charts, moving titles and visual effects in counterpoint to what McNamara is saying."[9]

The lessons
In The Fog of War
Over the course of the documentary, Morris distills McNamara's philosophy of war into eleven basic tenets:[10]

Lesson #1: Empathize with your enemy.

McNamara repeats this sentence several times throughout the documentary. He discusses a moment during the Cuban Missile Crisis when he and Kennedy were trying to keep the United States out of war, but General Curtis LeMay wanted to invade Cuba. Kennedy received two messages from Nikita Khrushchev during the Crisis, which McNamara refers to as the "soft message" and the "hard message." He says the first message sounded like it came from a "drunk man or one under a lot of stress" and stated that, if the United States guaranteed it would not invade Cuba, the missiles would be removed, while the second stated that, if the United States attacked Cuba, "we're prepared to confront you with masses of military power."[11] Llewellyn Thompson, a former US ambassador to Moscow who knew Khrushchev personally, urged Kennedy to respond to the soft message, as he believed Khrushchev would be willing to remove the missiles if, afterward, he could draw attention away from the fact that he had failed to establish nuclear weapons in Cuba by taking credit for saving Cuba from being invaded by the US. Kennedy eventually agreed with Thompson and the situation was resolved without further escalation.

Lesson #2: Rationality alone will not save us.

McNamara emphasizes that it was luck that prevented nuclear war—rational individuals like Kennedy, Khrushchev, and Castro came close to destroying themselves and each other. He states that the possibility of nuclear destruction still exists today.

Lesson #3: There's something beyond one's self.

This lesson refers to McNamara's private life. He states that "there's something beyond one's self and a responsibility to society" while discussing when he started to court his wife, Margaret Craig McNamara, and had a child. Around this time, WWII began and McNamara became the youngest assistant professor at Harvard.

Lesson #4: Maximize efficiency.

McNamara was brought back from the Eighth Air Force and assigned to the 58th Bomb Wing. He flew in some of the first B-29s, which, it was hoped, would be able to destroy targets much more efficiently and effectively than earlier bombers, and was responsible for analyzing bombing operations and making recommendations for improvements.

Lesson #5: Proportionality should be a guideline in war.

McNamara talks about the proportions of cities destroyed in Japan by the US before the dropping of the nuclear bomb, comparing the destroyed Japanese cities to similarly-sized cities in the US: Tokyo, roughly the size of New York City, was 51% destroyed; Toyama, the size of Chattanooga, was 99% destroyed; Nagoya, the size of Los Angeles, was 40% destroyed; Osaka, the size of Chicago, was 35% destroyed; Kobe, the size of Baltimore, was 55% destroyed; etc. He says LeMay once said that, had the United States lost the war, they would have been tried for war crimes, and agrees with this assessment.

Lesson #6: Get the data.

McNamara worked at Ford in an executive position and commissioned studies on subjects like buyer demographics, the causes of accidents, and ways to make cars safer. He was chosen to replace Henry Ford II as president of the company, the first person outside the Ford family to hold that position, though he quit after five weeks to become Kennedy's Secretary of Defense, having first declined an offer to be Secretary of Treasury.

Lesson #7: Belief and seeing are both often wrong.

McNamara affirms Morris' framing of lesson 7 in relation to the Gulf of Tonkin incident: "We see what we want to believe."

Lesson #8: Be prepared to reexamine your reasoning.

McNamara says that, even though the United States is the strongest nation in the world, it should never use that power unilaterally: "if we can't persuade nations with comparable values of the merit of our cause, we better reexamine our reasoning."

Lesson #9: In order to do good, you may have to engage in evil.

McNamara says: "Recognize at times we have to engage in evil, but minimize it."

Lesson #10: Never say never.

McNamara believed the ultimate responsibility for the Vietnam War was on the president and says that, had Kennedy lived, the situation would have unfolded more desirably. In 1968, he resigned as Secretary of Defense (or was fired) and became president of the World Bank.

Lesson #11: You can't change human nature.

McNamara talks about the "fog of war" and how many things only become clear in hindsight.

Robert S. McNamara's Ten Lessons
(Provided by McNamara to supplement the documentary as a special feature on the DVD release of the film.)

The human race will not eliminate war in this century, but we can reduce the brutality of war—the level of killing—by adhering to the principles of a "Just War," in particular to the principle of "proportionality."
The indefinite combinations of human fallibility and nuclear weapons will lead to the destruction of nations.
We [the United States] are the most powerful nation in the world—economically, politically, and militarily—and we are likely to remain so for decades ahead. But we are not omniscient. If we cannot persuade other nations with similar interests and similar values of the merits of the proposed use of that power, we should not proceed unilaterally except in the unlikely requirement to defend directly the continental U.S., Alaska and Hawaii.
Moral principles are often ambiguous guides to foreign policy and defense policy, but surely we can agree that we should establish as a major goal of U.S. foreign policy and, indeed, of foreign policy across the globe: the avoidance, in this century, of the carnage—160 million dead—caused by conflict in the 20th century.
We, the richest nation in the world, have failed in our responsibility to our own poor and to the disadvantaged across the world to help them advance their welfare in the most fundamental terms of nutrition, literacy, health and employment.
Corporate executives must recognize there is no contradiction between a soft heart and a hard head. Of course, they have responsibilities to stockholders, but they also have responsibilities to their employees, their customers and to society as a whole.
President Kennedy believed a primary responsibility of a president—indeed "the" primary responsibility of a president—is to keep the nation out of war, if at all possible.
War is a blunt instrument by which to settle disputes between or within nations, and economic sanctions are rarely effective. Therefore, we should build a system of jurisprudence based on the International Court—that the U.S. has refused to support—which would hold individuals responsible for crimes against humanity.
If we are to deal effectively with terrorists across the globe, we must develop a sense of empathy—I don't mean "sympathy," but rather "understanding"—to counter their attacks on us and the Western World.
One of the greatest dangers we face today is the risk that terrorists will obtain access to weapons of mass destruction as a result of the breakdown of the Non-Proliferation Regime. We in the U.S. are contributing to that breakdown.
The Lessons of Vietnam
(From McNamara's 1995 book In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam.[12] The following are slightly shortened versions of the text from pages 321-3 of this book.)

We misjudged then—and we have since—the geopolitical intentions of our adversaries … and we exaggerated the dangers to the United States of their actions.
We viewed the people and leaders of South Vietnam in terms of our own experience … We totally misjudged the political forces within the country.
We underestimated the power of nationalism to motivate a people to fight and die for their beliefs and values.
Our misjudgments of friend and foe, alike, reflected our profound ignorance of the history, culture, and politics of the people in the area, and the personalities and habits of their leaders.
We failed then—and have since—to recognize the limitations of modern, high-technology military equipment, forces, and doctrine. We failed, as well, to adapt our military tactics to the task of winning the hearts and minds of people from a totally different culture.
We failed to draw Congress and the American people into a full and frank discussion and debate of the pros and cons of a large-scale military involvement … before we initiated the action.
After the action got under way, and unanticipated events forced us off our planned course … we did not fully explain what was happening, and why we were doing what we did.
We did not recognize that neither our people nor our leaders are omniscient. Our judgment of what is in another people's or country's best interest should be put to the test of open discussion in international forums. We do not have the God-given right to shape every nation in our image or as we choose.
We did not hold to the principle that U.S. military action … should be carried out only in conjunction with multinational forces supported fully (and not merely cosmetically) by the international community.
We failed to recognize that in international affairs, as in other aspects of life, there may be problems for which there are no immediate solutions … At times, we may have to live with an imperfect, untidy world.
Underlying many of these errors lay our failure to organize the top echelons of the executive branch to deal effectively with the extraordinarily complex range of political and military issues.
Charity
Sony Pictures Classics allowed proceeds from limited screenings of the film to benefit Clear Path International's work with victims of the Vietnam War.[13][14]

See also
The Gatekeepers
References
 "The Fog of War (2003)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 7, 2017.
 "Festival de Cannes: The Fog of War". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved September 13, 2024.
 "NY Times: The Fog of War". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. 2008. Archived from the original on December 7, 2008. Retrieved November 23, 2008.
 Chow, Andrew R. (December 11, 2019). "See the 25 New Additions to the National Film Registry, From Purple Rain to Clerks". Time. New York, NY. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
 Robert McNamara, Errol Morris return to Berkeley to share lessons learned from "Fog of War"
 Ryan, Tom. "Making History: Errol Morris, Robert McNamara and The Fog of War." Senses of Cinema 31 (2004):. Sense of Cinema. Web. 4 Nov. 2013.
 Rotten Tomatoes: The Fog of War
 The Fog of War: Eleven Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara, retrieved August 13, 2018
 "The Fog of War". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on October 11, 2012. Retrieved January 29, 2011.
 Morris, E., Williams, M., Ahlberg, J. B., Chappell, R., McNamara, R. S., Glass, P., @Radical.media (Firm),... Sony Pictures Classics (Firm),. (2004). The Fog of War: Eleven Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara.
 Morris, E., Williams, M., Ahlberg, J. B., Chappell, R., McNamara, R. S., Glass, P., @Radical.media (Firm), ... Sony Pictures Classics (Firm),. (2004). The Fog of War: Eleven Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara.
 McNamara, Robert (1996). In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 576. ISBN 9780679767497.
 The Fog Of War: Charity
External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to The Fog of War.
The Fog of War at IMDb
The Fog of War at the TCM Movie Database
The Fog of War at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
Official site from Sony Classics
Making History: Errol Morris, Robert McNamara and The Fog of War from sensesofcinema.com
Transcript of the film from errolmorris.com
Robert McNamara - Daily Telegraph obituary
"The 34 best political movies ever made", Ann Hornaday, The Washington Post Jan. 23, 2020), ranked #20
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