Liliputin -2008

Trump's victory lap or lapsus ?- that is the question ... "
Adam Schiff



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victory lap
noun
noun: victory lap; plural noun: victory laps

a celebratory circuit of a sports field, track, or court by the person or team that has won a contest.

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A victory lap (also lap of honor) is a term used in motorsports to describe an extra lap of the race track after the conclusion of a race. This lap, driven at reduced speed, allows the winning driver to celebrate their victory and gives the spectators an opportunity to congratulate and honor the competitors. Commonly, trackside flag marshals will wave their flags in a gesture known as the FIA salute or the Monkey Dance in the US.[citation needed] It is not uncommon for marshals to clap or wave their hands at drivers as a gesture and sometimes the drivers wave back in response.

Victory laps can sometime become dangerous for the winner and the other drivers, since in many tracks the safety nets can be easily climbed over by the crowd, which then becomes an obstacle for the racers.

Victory laps have regularly seen drivers who have retired in the final stages of a race being given a lift back to the pits on one of their competitors' cars. Some notable examples in Formula One include Riccardo Patrese and Didier Pironi at the 1982 Monaco Grand Prix, Nigel Mansell and Ayrton Senna at the 1991 British Grand Prix (pictured), Jean Alesi and Michael Schumacher at the 1995 Canadian Grand Prix, Michael Schumacher and Giancarlo Fisichella at the 1997 German Grand Prix, Mika Hдkkinen and David Coulthard at the 2001 Spanish Grand Prix, and Mark Webber and Fernando Alonso at the 2011 German Grand Prix and 2013 Singapore Grand Prix

Recently the FIA, motor sport's world governing body, have restricted what a Formula One driver may do on his victory lap. The sporting regulations state that at the end of a race, "all cars must proceed on the circuit directly to the post race parc fermй without stopping, without overtaking (unless clearly necessary), without receiving any object whatsoever and without any assistance (except that of the marshals if necessary

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Lapsus

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A lapsus (Latin for "lapse, slip, error") is an involuntary mistake made while writing or speaking, something long studied in philology.


Investigations

In 1895 an investigation into verbal slips was undertaken by a philologist and a psychologist, Rudolf Meringer and Karl Meyer, who collected a large number of examples and divided them into separate types.

Psychoanalysis

Freud was to become interested in such mistakes from 1897 onwards, developing an interpretation of slips in terms of their unconscious meaning. Subsequently followers of his like Ernest Jones developed the theme of lapsus in connection with writing, typing, and misprints.

According to Freud's early psychoanalytic theory, a lapsus represents a bungled act that hides an unconscious desire: “the phenomena can be traced back to incompletely suppressed psychical material...pushed away by consciousness”.[5]

Jacques Lacan would thoroughly endorse the Freudian interpretation of unconscious motivation in the slip, arguing that “in the lapsus it is...clear that every unsuccessful act is a successful, not to say 'well-turned', discourse”.[6]

In the seventies Sebastiano Timpanaro would controversially take up the question again, by offering a mechanistic explanation of all such slips, in opposition to Freud's theories.

Types of lapsus

In literature, a number of different types of lapsus are named depending on the mode of correspondence:
lapsus linguae (pl. same): slip of the tongue
lapsus calami: slip of the pen With the variation of lapsus clavis: slip of the typewriter
lapsus manus: slip of the hand, similar to lapsus calami
lapsus memoriae: slip of memory

Types of slips of the tongue

Slips of the tongue can happen on any level:
Syntactic - is instead of was.
Phrasal slips of tongue - I'll explain this tornado later.
Lexical/semantic - moon full instead of full moon.
Morphological level - workings paper
Phonological (sound slips) - flow snurries instead of snow flurries

Additionally, each of these five levels of error may take various forms:
Anticipations: Where an early output item is corrupted by an element belonging to a later one, thus "reading list" - "leading list"
Perseverations or post-sonances: Where a later output item is corrupted by an element belonging to an earlier one] Thus "waking rabbits" - "waking wabbits".
Deletions: Where an output element is somehow totally lost, thus "same state" - "same sate"
Shift or Spoonerism: Moving a letter, thus "black foxes" - "back floxes"
Haplologies or fusion: Half one word and half the other, thus "stummy" instead of "stomach or tummy"
Pun[14]

Motivation

Meringer and Meyer highlighted the role of familiar associations and similarities of words and sounds in producing the lapsus. Freud objected that such factors did not cause but only “favour slips of the tongue...in the immense majority of cases my speech is not disturbed by the circumstance that the words I am using recall others with a similar sound...or that familiar associations branch off from them”.

Timpanaro later reignited the debate, by maintaining that any given slip can always be explained mechanically without a need for deeper motivation.[17]

J. L. Austin had independently seen slips not as revealing a particular complex, but as an ineluctable feature of the human condition, necessitating a continual preparation for excuses and remedial work.