Liliputins-271 George Washington

American revolution was just a bullyversement ... "
George Washinton



Liliputins. What, the heck, is this ?
http://www.stihi.ru/2012/08/18/5368



New word:

bullyversement = bullying( bully) + bouleversement

meaning:
 
1 : a violent disturbance like disorder, riot, upheaval, revolution or war as a reaction attributed to bullying when the defensive victim of a bully achieves an offensive position
2 : reversal ( oтветка )
3. backfire (of a plan or action) rebound adversely on the originator; have the opposite effect to what was intended.


***

Word of the Day  December 6 
    
bouleversement\bool-vair-suh-MAHNG\   noun
1 : reversal
 
2 : a violent disturbance : disorder
   
The darkening sky prompted a bouleversement of the captain's order to prepare to set sail. "In fact, [Susan Sontag] had written two novels at the beginning of her career, in the sixties. She didn't like them much, so she became a critic, indeed, the most famous and influential young critic of the sixties and seventies, a central figure in the aesthetic bouleversement of that period.…" — Joan Acocella, The New Yorker, January 10, 2005
 
    English picked up bouleversement from French in the latter part of the 18th century (it ultimately traces to Middle French boule, meaning "ball," and verser, meaning "to overturn"), and while not very common, it has steadily remained in use since that time. F. Scott Fitzgerald, for one, used it in his 1920 novel This Side of Paradise: "For the second time in his life Amory had had a complete bouleversement and was hurrying into line with his generation." Both Fitzgerald's use and our first example sentence suggest the idea of turning something around, but as shown in our second example, some usage of bouleversement dispenses with this notion and instead implies a general kind of upheaval or dramatic change, as in a revolution. 

***

Bullying

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 
For school bullying, see School bullying.

Bullying is the use of force, threat, or coercion to abuse, intimidate, or aggressively dominate others. The behavior is often repeated and habitual. One essential prerequisite is the perception, by the bully or by others, of an imbalance of social or physical power. Behaviors used to assert such domination can include verbal harassment or threat, physical assault or coercion, and such acts may be directed repeatedly towards particular targets. Rationalizations for such behavior sometimes include differences of social class, race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, appearance, behavior, body language, personality, reputation, lineage, strength, size or ability.[1][2] If bullying is done by a group, it is called mobbing.[3] "Targets" of bullying are also sometimes referred to as "victims" of bullying.

Bullying can be defined in many different ways. The UK has no legal definition of bullying,[4] while some U.S. states have laws against it.[5] Bullying is divided into four basic types of abuse – emotional (sometimes called relational), verbal, physical, and cyber.[6] It typically involves subtle methods of coercion, such as intimidation.

Bullying ranges from simple one-on-one bullying to more complex bullying in which the bully may have one or more "lieutenants" who may seem to be willing to assist the primary bully in his or her bullying activities. Bullying in school and the workplace is also referred to as peer abuse.[7] Robert W. Fuller has analyzed bullying in the context of rankism.

A bullying culture can develop in any context in which animals interact with each other. This includes school, family, the workplace, home, and neighborhoods. In a 2012 study of male adolescent American football players, "the strongest predictor was the perception of whether the most influential male in a player's life would approve of the bullying behavior".[8]


Definitions

Bullying may be defined as the activity of repeated, aggressive behavior intended to hurt another individual, physically, mentally or emotionally. Bullying is characterized by an individual behaving in a certain way to gain power over another person.[9] It can be classified into four types:[10]

Physical (hitting, punching, or kicking)

Verbal (name-calling or taunting)

Relational (destroying peer acceptance and friendships)

Cyber-bullying (using electronic means to harm others)

Physical, verbal, and relational bullying are most prevalent in primary school and could also begin much earlier. Cyber-bullying is more common in secondary school than in primary school.[10]

Norwegian researcher Dan Olweus[11] says bullying occurs when a person is "exposed, repeatedly and over time, to negative actions on the part of one or more other persons". He says negative actions occur "when a person intentionally inflicts injury or discomfort upon another person, through physical contact, through words or in other ways."[11]

Etymology

The word "bully" was first used in the 1530s meaning "sweetheart", applied to either sex, from the Dutch boel "lover, brother", probably diminutive of Middle High German buole "brother", of uncertain origin (compare with the German buhle "lover"). The meaning deteriorated through the 17th century through "fine fellow", "blusterer", to "harasser of the weak". This may have been as a connecting sense between "lover" and "ruffian" as in "protector of a prostitute", which was one sense of "bully" (though not specifically attested until 1706). The verb "to bully" is first attested in 1710.[12]

Characteristics


Of bullies and accomplices

Studies have shown that envy and resentment may be motives for bullying.[13] Research on the self-esteem of bullies has produced equivocal results.[14][15] While some bullies are arrogant and narcissistic,[16] bullies can also use bullying as a tool to conceal shame or anxiety or to boost self-esteem: by demeaning others, the abuser feels empowered.[17] Bullies may bully out of jealousy or because they themselves are bullied.[18]

Researchers have identified other risk factors such as depression[19] and personality disorders,[20] as well as quickness to anger and use of force, addiction to aggressive behaviors, mistaking others' actions as hostile, concern with preserving self image, and engaging in obsessive or rigid actions.[21] A combination of these factors may also be causes of this behavior.[22] In one study of youth, a combination of antisocial traits and depression was found to be the best predictor of youth violence, whereas video game violence and television violence exposure were not predictive of these behaviors.[23]

Bullying may also result from a genetic predisposition or a brain abnormality in the bully.[24] While parents can help a toddler develop emotional regulation and control to restrict aggressive behavior, some children fail to develop these skills due to insecure attachment with their families, ineffective discipline, and environmental factors such as a stressful home life and hostile siblings.[10] Moreover, according to some researchers, bullies may be inclined toward negativity and perform poorly academically. Dr. Cook says that "a typical bully has trouble resolving problems with others and also has trouble academically. He or she usually has negative attitudes and beliefs about others, feels negatively toward himself/herself, comes from a family environment characterized by conflict and poor parenting, perceives school as negative and is negatively influenced by peers".[25]

Contrarily, some researchers have suggested that some bullies are psychologically strongest and have high social standing among their peers, while their targets are emotionally distressed and socially marginalized.[26] Peer groups often promote the bully's actions, and members of these peer groups also engage in behaviors, such as mocking, excluding, punching, and insulting one another as a source of entertainment.[10] Other researchers also argued that a minority of the bullies, those who are not in-turn bullied, enjoy going to school, and are least likely to take days off sick.[27]

Research indicates that adults who bully have authoritarian personalities, combined with a strong need to control or dominate.[28] It has also been suggested that a prejudicial view of subordinates can be a particularly strong risk factor.[29]

Of typical bystanders

Often, bullying takes place in the presence of a large group of relatively uninvolved bystanders. In many cases, it is the bully's ability to create the illusion that he or she has the support of the majority present that instills the fear of "speaking out" in protestation of the bullying activities being observed by the group. Unless the "bully mentality" is effectively challenged in any given group in its early stages, it often becomes an accepted, or supported, norm within the group.[30][31]

Unless action is taken, a "culture of bullying" is often perpetuated within a group for months, years, or longer.[32]

Bystanders who have been able to establish their own "friendship group" or "support group" have been found to be far more likely to opt to speak out against bullying behavior than those who have not.[33][34]

In addition to communication of clear expectations that bystanders should intervene and increasing individual self-efficacy, there is growing research that suggests interventions should build on the foundation that bullying is morally wrong.[35]

Among adults, being a bystander to workplace bullying was linked to depressive symptoms, particularly for women.[36]

Children who bully typically show signs of an aggressive behavior, a need to dominate others, and have a positive attitude towards violence.

Of victims

Dr. Cook says that "A typical victim is likely to be aggressive, lack social skills, think negative thoughts, experience difficulties in solving social problems, come from a negative family, school and community environments and be noticeably rejected and isolated by peers".[25] Victims often have characteristics such as being physically weak, as well as being easily distraught emotionally. They may also have physical characteristics that make them easier targets for bullies such as being overweight or having some type of physical deformity. Boys are more likely to be victims of physical bullying while girls are more likely to be bullied indirectly.[37]

The results of a meta-analysis conducted by Cook and published by the American Psychological Association in 2010 concluded the main risk factors for children and adolescents being bullied, and also for becoming bullies, are the lack of social problem-solving skills.[25]

Children who are bullied often show physical or emotional signs, such as: being afraid to attend school, complaining of headaches or a loss of appetite, a lack of interest in school activities and spending time with friends or family, and having an overall sense of sadness.

Effects This section lends undue weight to certain ideas relative to the article as a whole. Please help to discuss and resolve the dispute before removing this message. (May 2014)

Mona O'Moore of the Anti-Bullying Centre at Trinity College in Dublin, has written, "There is a growing body of research which indicates that individuals, whether child or adult, who are persistently subjected to abusive behavior are at risk of stress related illness which can sometimes lead to suicide".[38] Those who have been the targets of bullying can suffer from long term emotional and behavioral problems. Bullying can cause loneliness, depression, anxiety, lead to low self-esteem and increased susceptibility to illness.[39] Bullying has also been shown to cause maladjustment in young children, and targets of bullying who were also bullies themselves exhibit even greater social difficulties.[40]

SuicideMain article: Bullying and suicide
Main article: List of suicides which have been attributed to bullying

Even though there is evidence that bullying increases the risk of suicide, bullying alone does not cause suicide. Depression is one of the main reasons why kids who are bullied commit suicide.[41] It is estimated that between 15 and 25 children commit suicide every year in the UK alone because they are being bullied.[42] Certain attributes of a person are correlated to a higher risk for suicide than others such as: American Indian, Alaskan Native, Asian American, lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender. When someone is unsupported by his or her family or friends, it can make the situation much worse for the victim.[43]

While some people find it very easy to ignore a bully, others may find it very difficult and reach a breaking point. There have been cases of apparent bullying suicides that have been reported closely by the media. These include the deaths of Ryan Halligen, Phoebe Prince, Dawn-Marie Wesley, Kelly Yeomans, Jessica Haffer,[44] Hamed Nastoh,[45] April Himes,[46] Cherice Moralez[47] and Rebecca Ann Sedwick.[48]

Violence

Bullied students Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold carried out the 1999 Columbine High School massacre. Since then, bullying has been more closely linked to high school violence in general.[49]

Serial killers were frequently bullied through direct and indirect methods as children or adolescents. Henry Lee Lucas, a serial killer and diagnosed psychopath, said the ridicule and rejection he suffered as a child caused him to hate everyone. Kenneth Bianchi, a serial killer and member of the Hillside Stranglers, was teased as a child because he urinated in his pants and suffered twitching, and as a teenager was ignored by his peers.[50]

Positive development

Some have argued that bullying can teach life lessons and instill strength. Helene Guldberg, a child development academic, sparked controversy when she argued that being a target of bullying can teach a child "how to manage disputes and boost their ability to interact with others", and that teachers should not intervene, but leave children to respond to the bullying themselves.[51]

A few studies have pointed up some potentially positive outcomes from bullying behavior.[52] These studies have found that with some individuals, as a result of their having been targeted with bullying behavior, this certain minority of former bullying "targets" have actually experienced being "enabled" through their experiences with bullying to develop various coping strategies, which included "standing up for themselves" in ways which acted to "re-balance" former imbalances of power. Such former bullying targets have reported such things as "becoming a better person" as a result of their former bullying ordeals.[52] The teaching of such anti-bullying coping skills to "would-be-targets" and to others has been found to be an effective long term means of reducing bullying incidence rates and a valuable skill-set for individuals.[53]

Dark triad
Main article: Dark triad
Research on the dark triad (narcissism, Machiavellianism and psychopathy) indicate a correlation with bullying as part of evidence of the aversive nature of those traits.[54]

Projection
Main article: Psychological projection

A bully may project his/her own feelings of vulnerability onto the target(s) of the bullying activity. Despite the fact that a bully's typically denigrating activities are aimed at the bully's targets, the true source of such negativity is ultimately almost always found in the bully's own sense of personal insecurity and/or vulnerability.[55] Such aggressive projections of displaced negative emotions can occur anywhere from the micro-level of interpersonal relationships, all the way up through to the macro-level of international politics, or even international armed conflict.[56]

Emotional intelligence
Main article: Bullying and emotional intelligence

Bullying is abusive social interaction between peers which can include aggression, harassment, and violence. Bullying is typically repetitive and enacted by those who are in a position of power over the victim. A growing body of research illustrates a significant relationship between bullying and emotional intelligence (EI). Mayer et al., (2008) defines the dimensions of overall EI as: "accurately perceiving emotion, using emotions to facilitate thought, understanding emotion, and managing emotion".[57] The concept combines emotional and intellectual processes.[58] Lower emotional intelligence appears to be related to involvement in bullying, as the bully and/or the victim of bullying. EI seems to play an important role in both bullying behavior and victimization in bullying; given that EI is illustrated to be malleable, EI education could greatly improve bullying prevention and intervention initiatives.[59]

In different contexts
Cyberbullying
Main article: Cyberbullying

Cyberbullying is any bullying done through the use of technology. This form of bullying can easily go undetected because of lack of parental/authoritative supervision. Because bullies can pose as someone else, it is the most anonymous form of bullying. Cyberbullying includes, but is not limited to, abuse using email, instant messaging, text messaging, websites, social networking sites, etc.[60] Particular watchdog organizations have been designed to contain the spread of cyberbullying.

Disability bullying

Main article: Disability bullying

It has been noted that disabled people are disproportionately affected by bullying and abuse, and such activity has been cited as a hate crime.[61] The bullying is not limited to those who are visibly disabled, such as wheelchair-users or physically deformed such as those with a cleft lip, but also those with learning disabilities, such as autism[62][63] and developmental coordination disorder.[64][65]

There is an additional problem that those with learning disabilities are often not as able to explain things to other people, so are more likely to be disbelieved or ignored if they do complain.[citation needed]

Gay bullying
Main article: Gay bashing
Gay bullying and gay bashing are expressions used to designate verbal or physical actions that are direct or indirect in nature by a person or group against a person who is gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgendered (LGBT), or of questionable sexual orientation, or one who is perceived to be so, because of rumors or fitting gay stereotypes. Gay and lesbian youth are more likely to report bullying.[66]

Legal bullying
Main article: Legal abuse

Legal bullying is the bringing of a vexatious legal action to control and punish a person. Legal bullying can often take the form of frivolous, repetitive, or burdensome lawsuits brought to intimidate the defendant into submitting to the litigant's request, not because of the legal merit of the litigant's position, but principally due to the defendant's inability to maintain the legal battle. This can also take the form of SLAPPs. It was partially concern about the potential for this kind of abuse that helped to fuel the protests against SOPA and PIPA in the United States in 2011 and 2012.

Military bullying
Main article: Bullying in the military
In 2000, the UK Ministry of Defence (MOD) defined bullying as "the use of physical strength or the abuse of authority to intimidate or victimize others, or to give unlawful punishments".[67]

Some argue that this behaviour should be allowed, due to ways in which "soldiering" is different from other occupations. Soldiers expected to risk their lives should, according to them, develop strength of body and spirit to accept bullying.[68]

Parental bullying of children

Parents who may displace their anger, insecurity, or a persistent need to dominate and control upon their children in excessive ways have been proven to increase the likelihood that their own children will in turn become overly aggressive or controlling towards their peers.[69] The American Psychological Association advises on its website that parents who may suspect that their own children may be engaging in bullying activities among their peers should carefully consider the examples which they themselves may be setting for their own children regarding how they typically interact with their own peers, colleagues, and children.[70]

Prison bullying

Main article: Prisoner abuse
Another environment known[by whom?] for bullying is a country's prison service. An additional complication is the staff and their relationships with the inmates. Thus the following possible bullying scenarios are possible:

Inmate bullies inmate (echoing school bullying)
Staff bullies inmate
Staff bullies staff (a manifestation of workplace bullying)
Inmate bullies staff
School bullyingMain article: School bullying
See also: Bullying in teaching

Bullying can occur in nearly any part in or around the school building, though it may occur more frequently in physical education classes and activities, recess, hallways, bathrooms, on school buses and while waiting for buses, and in classes that require group work and/or after school activities. Bullying in school sometimes consists of a group of students taking advantage of or isolating one student in particular and gaining the loyalty of bystanders who want to avoid becoming the next target. These bullies may taunt and tease their target before physically bullying the target. Bystanders may participate or watch, sometimes out of fear of becoming the next target.

Bullying can also be perpetrated by teachers and the school system itself; there is an inherent power differential in the system that can easily predispose to subtle or covert abuse (relational aggression or passive aggression), humiliation, or exclusion — even while maintaining overt commitments to anti-bullying policies.[71][72][73]

School teachers are commonly the subject of bullying, but they are also sometimes the originators of bullying within a school environment.

Sexual bullying
Main article: Sexual bullying
See also: Slut shaming
Sexual bullying is "any bullying behaviour, whether physical or non-physical, that is based on a person's sexuality or gender. It is when sexuality or gender is used as a weapon by males or females towards others - although it is more commonly directed at females. It can be carried out to a person's face, behind their back or through the use of technology."[74]

Workplace bullying

Main article: Workplace bullying

The Workplace Bullying and Trauma Institute defines workplace bullying as "repeated, health-harming mistreatment, verbal abuse, or conduct which is threatening, humiliating, intimidating, or sabotage that interferes with work, or some combination of the three".[75] Statistics show that bullying is three times as prevalent as illegal discrimination and at least 1,600 times as prevalent as workplace violence.[citation needed] Statistics also show that while only one employee in every 10,000 becomes a target of workplace violence, one in six experiences bullying at work. Bullying is a little more common than sexual harassment but not verbal abuse which occurs more than bullying.[citation needed]

Unlike the more physical form of school bullying, workplace bullying often takes place within the established rules and policies of the organization and society. Such actions are not necessarily illegal and may not even be against a firm's regulations; however, the damage to the targeted employee and to workplace morale is obvious.[citation needed]

In academia

Main article: Bullying in academia

Bullying in academia is workplace bullying of scholars and staff in academia, especially places of higher education such as colleges and universities. It is believed[by whom?] to be common, although has not received as much attention from researchers as bullying in some other contexts.[76]

In blue collar jobs

Bullying has been identified[by whom?] as prominent in blue collar jobs, including on oil rigs and in mechanic shops and machine shops. It is thought that intimidation and fear of retribution cause decreased incident reports. In industry sectors dominated by males, typically of little education, where disclosure of incidents are seen as effeminate, reporting in the socioeconomic and cultural milieu of such industries would likely lead to a vicious circle. This is often used[by whom?] in combination with manipulation and coercion of facts to gain favour among higher-ranking administrators.[77]

In information technology

Main article: Bullying in information technology

A culture of bullying is common in information technology (IT), leading to high sickness rates, low morale, poor productivity, and high staff-turnover.[78] Deadline-driven project work and stressed-out managers take their toll on IT workers.[79]

In medicine

Main article: Bullying in medicine

Bullying in the medical profession is common, particularly of student or trainee doctors and of nurses. It is thought[by whom?] that this is at least in part an outcome of conservative traditional hierarchical structures and teaching methods in the medical profession, which may result in a bullying cycle.

In nursing

Main article: Bullying in nursing

Even though The American Nurses Association believes that all nursing personnel have the right to work in safe, non-abusive environments, bullying has been identified as being particularly prevalent[quantify] in the nursing profession although the reasons are not clear. It is thought[by whom?] that relational aggression (psychological aspects of bullying such as gossipping and intimidation) are relevant. Relational aggression has been studied among girls but not so much among adult women.[79][80]

In other areas

As the verb to bully is defined as simply "forcing one's way aggressively or by intimidation", the term may generally apply to any life experience where one is motivated primarily by intimidation instead of by more positive goals, such as mutually shared interests and benefits. As such, any figure of authority or power who may use intimidation as a primary means of motivating others, such as a neighborhood "protection racket don", a national dictator, a childhood ring-leader, a terrorist, a terrorist organization, or even a ruthless business CEO, could rightfully be referred to as a bully. According to psychologist Pauline Rennie-Peyton, we each face the possibility of being bullied in any phase of our lives.[81]

The author Ben Shapiro claims that liberals employ bullying to intimidate and silence their conservative opponents in an ongoing culture war.[82]

Prevention

Bullying prevention is the collective effort to prevent, reduce, and stop bullying. Many campaigns and events are designated to bullying prevention throughout the world. Bullying prevention campaign and events include: Anti-Bullying Day, Anti-Bullying Week, International Day of Pink, International STAND UP to Bullying Day, and National Bullying Prevention Month.

In schools

School connectedness is the positive relationship between students, teachers, administrators, and educational support professionals. Studies have shown that bullying programs set up in schools with the help and engagements of staff and faculty have been shown to reduce peer victimization and bullying.[83] Incidences of bullying are noticeably reduced when the students themselves disapprove of bullying.[84]

Research indicates that methods such as increasing awareness, instituting zero tolerance for fighting, or placing troubled students in the same group or classroom are ineffective in reducing bullying while other measures, including increasing empathy for victims, adopting a program with a "whole school" approach, which includes all teachers, students, and parents, and student-led anti-bullying efforts, have shown significant progress and success.[10]

A review of research regarding anti-bullying efforts in schools summarizes the most successful ways:[85]

Everyone in the school must change, not only the identified bullies.
Intervention must begin in early grades.
Evaluation of the programs in place is critical since some programs may increase bullying rather than reduce it.
See also
The Bully: A Discussion and Activity Story (book)
Abuse
Complex post-traumatic stress disorder
Bully
Bullycide
Hate crime
Hazing
Mobbing
Passive aggression
Police brutality
Psychological manipulation
Psychological trauma
Relational aggression
Scapegoating
Social exclusion
Social isolation
Social undermining
Taunting
Teasing
Victim blaming
Victim playing
Victimisation

***
Задирание

Материал из Википедии — свободной энциклопедии

Задирание, тра;вля — агрессивное преследование одного из членов коллектива (особенно коллектива школьников и студентов, но также и коллег) со стороны остальных членов коллектива или его части.

Как проявления травли специалисты расценивают оскорбления, угрозы, физическую агрессию, постоянную негативную оценку жертвы и её деятельности, отказ в доверии и делегировании полномочий и т. д.

Буллинг может быть и в физической,и в психологической форме. Проявляется во всех возрастных и социальных группах. В сложных случаях,может принять некоторые черты групповой преступности.

Буллинг может приводить к тому, что жертва теряет уверенность в себе. В этом случае важно объяснить человеку, что его «травят», и показать, как действовать в сложившейся ситуации.

Причины задирания

Обычно, целью задирания является желание скрыть свою неполноценность. Задиратель вешает клеймо неполноценности на других, чтобы скрыть от других свои недостатки, показать себя лучшим человеком, чем объект травли.[1Формы задирания

Существует две основные формы травли: физическая и психологическая.

Психологическая форма травли — это угрозы, насмешки, клевета и т. д.

Физическая форма — побои, порча имущества жертвы и т. д. Иногда бывает с использованием оружия. На использование форм буллинга влияет возраст участников (буллинг у детей мягче, чем буллинг у подростков) и пол (мужчины чаще используют физическую форму, а женщины — психологическую).

В последнее время появляется и кибербуллинг — запугивание через Интернет, электронную почту, СМС и т. д.

Жертвы задирания в школе

Жертвами задирания в школе чаще всего становятся:

двоечники;
любимчики учителей;
дети, гиперопекаемые родителями;
ябеды;
страдающие заболеваниями, выделяющими их из коллектива;
не имеющие электронных новинок современного прогресса или же имеющие самые дорогие из них, недоступные другим детям;
вундеркинды;
представители сексуальных меньшинств.
[2]

Травля в искусстве

Повесть Владимира Железникова «Чучело» и фильм по ней.

«Костолом» — американский фильм 1996 года.

«Бен Икс» — бельгийский фильм 2007 года.

«Класс» — эстонский фильм 2007 года.

«Молчание до гроба» — американский фильм 2012 года.

«Мой лучший враг» — датский фильм 2010 года.

См. также
Гопники
Cлово гопник (жаргонное) - 'мошенник, налетчик'; 'погромщик, хулиган', по одной из версий слово произошло от старой аббревиатуры ГОП – 'городское общество призрения'. Ср. также слово гоп-стоп и его значения: 1)'ограбление', а также 'налет, вооруженный грабеж'; 2) 'грабитель'. —Гопник // Справочно-информационный портал ГРАМОТА.РУ
; Кузнецов, 1998

Характерные черты 

Различными авторами отмечаются типичные черты гопников:

Гопники большую часть времени проводят на улице или в подворотнях, подъездах (парадных).[14] Среди излюбленных мест — парки, скверы, старые дворы, автобусные остановки, гаражи, дворики при детских садах, тёмные дворики.
Не называют себя гопниками, называют себя «пацанами», «реальными пацанами», «чёткими пацанами» и т. п.
Распространена привычка сидения на корточках («на корта;х», «на карташах», «на крабе»), ведущая происхождение из мест заключения[14] или ассоциирующаяся с таковыми.
Гопников характеризует развязная («борцовская» или раскачивающаяся) походка и асоциальный тип поведения: манеры аналогичные жителям глухих деревень, разглядывание прохожих в упор, фамильярное обращение, эмоциональная неустойчивость, провоцирование на конфликты (например, «Ты чё такой дерзкий?», «Чё смотришь?!»), либо в случае криминальных намерений, как вымогание денег (например, «Слышь, мелочи не найдётся?», «Выручи по братски?») и других ценностей (например, «Попрыгай!» (чтобы определить наличие у жертвы мелких, металлических денег), или открытого грабежа с применением насилия («Ты с какого района?», «Ты кто такой по жизни?»)[14].
Потребление семечек («семачки», «семки» «сэмки»). Шелуха от семечек при этом сплёвывается на тротуар.[14]
Для представителей прослойки характерна гомофобия, в их среде постоянно используются оскорбительные ярлыки типа «пидор», «гомосек», «петух» и др. даже по отношению к тем, кто не является геем. Наиболее часто используется при провоцировании конфликта с теми, кто предпочитает стиль унисекс, либо не соответствует установленым в гоповской среде канонам внешности и поведения.
В речи большое количество слов-паразитов, в числе которых: «короче», «типа» и «слышь» («сышишь»), и мата: «бля», «епт» («епта»).
Сигарета за ухом.[1]
Гопник в уличных конфликтах может использовать биты, кастеты, другое холодное оружие, пневматическое оружие, а также любые подручные средства.
Отмечается характерная одежда и обувь гопника: спортивная одежда и обувь — кроссовки, тренировочные штаны, «олимпийка» («мастерка»), иногда с капюшоном.[1] Куртка из «кожи». В отдельных случаях обувь (туфли, часто «остроносые»), надетая под спортивный костюм. В руках крутят зажигалки, чётки-«болтухи», иногда изготовленные в местах лишения свободы. На голове кепка (популярна кепка «уточка»), бейсболка или восьмиклинка; в зимнее время — спортивная шапка-«пидорка» (другое название — «гандонка»).
Причёска под «полубокс» или «ёжиком», но чаще всего — просто очень коротко или вообще «под ноль». Популярны перстни-печатки, золотые цепочки, чётки.
Некоторая часть населения поставила «клеймо» на спортивной одежде — чаще всего, по их мнению, гопники носят куртки Adidas, а также некоторую другую продукцию этой марки (в большинстве случаев поддельной). В 1990-е годы среди гопников были популярны подделки известных марок одежды с надписями, внешне похожими на логотип оригинала: «Nice» (вместо «Nike»), «Abibas» (вместо «Adidas»), «Reebak» (вместо «Reebok»). Популярность таких подделок была обусловлена их дешевизной и большей доступностью, чем у оригинала.
Часто гопники провоцируют конфликты с теми, кто выделяется яркой одеждой или неординарной внешностью, так как считают, что для «реального пацана» это непозволительно и не серьёзно. Это является проблемой для представителей неформальных субкультур — рокеры, панки, металлисты, но чаще всего от этого страдают представители тех субкультур, чьей основной аудиторией являются дети и малолетние подростки неспособные дать отпор, такие как эмо, анимешники, ролевики и т.д.
Гопники часто увлекаются боевыми видами спорта: боксом, каратэ, рукопашным боем. Однако мало кто из них занимается спортом серьёзно. Обычно гопникам достаточно знания нескольких приёмов, чтобы иметь преимущество в драке с заведомо не подготовленной жертвой. В то же время они осуждающе относятся к «мирным» уличным видам спорта — паркуру, скейтбордингу, брейк-дансу. Как правило неприязнь используется в качестве инструмента запугивания, т.к. чаще всего такими видами спорта занимаются подростки из более обеспеченных семей, грабить которых гопникам гораздо выгоднее. Так же брейк-данс, вызывает у гопников особенную неприязнь из-за своей принадлежности к американской хип-хоп культуре. Обычно гопники достаточно патриотичны.
Несмотря на свою неприязнь к американскому хип-хопу, гопники любят слушать русский хип-хоп и гангста-рэп, например группы «Многоточие», «Красное Дерево», «Кровосток», «Каста», «AK-47», и сольных исполнителей: Guf, Джиган, Баста, Миша Маваши, а так же комедийного персонажа Рэпера Сяву, придуманного музыкантом Вячеславом Хахалкиным, т.к. благодаря грамотному позиционированию Рэпера Сявы в СМИ, многие гопники искренне верят что Сява реальный человек, а не сценический образ Вячеслава.
Любимым автомобилем у гопников раньше являлась Лада 2109 «девятка» наряду с Лада 2106 «шестёрка», Лада 2107 «семёрка» и т.д. В последнее время резкую популярность в среде гопников обрела Lada Priora заниженная.
Помимо автомобиля, гордостью гопника является «чёткая мобила» - как правило смартфон серии Apple iPhone или же другой флагманский смартфон с богатым функционалом. Не редко такие телефоны достаются им в результате уличных грабежей.
Возможно отсутствие передних резцовых зубов ввиду отсутствия должной гигиены полости рта, частого употребления нечищеных подсолнечных семян, в результате драк. Иногда бывает из-за невозможности нормального питания.


Ссылки

Игорь Семёнович Кон «Что такое буллинг и как с ним бороться?» (В сокращенном виде опубликовано в журнале «Семья и школа», 2006, № 11. с.15-18.).
Буллинг. Офисные хулиганы: Интервью Валерия Кичкаева с основателем и генеральным директором компании The Field Foundation Тимом Филдом.
Дэвид А. Лейн. Школьная травля (буллинг) // Детская и подростковая психотерапия / Под редакцией Дэвида Лейна и Эндрю Миллера. — СПб.: Питер, 2001. — С. 240—274.
Ожиёва Е. Н. Буллинг как разновидность насилия. Школьный буллинг
Примечания
Дан Ольвеус, книга «Буллинг в школе: что мы знаем и что мы можем сделать»