Об оправдании и не только Из несказанного -8

Правителю, цель которого оправдать свои средства, рассчитывать на оправдательный приговор истории не стоит ... "
Из несказанного  Николо Макиавелли

Если средства цель не оправдали - значит целью был коммунизм ... "
Из несказанного  Варламом Шаламовым

Цель оправдывает стрелка ... "
Из несказанного  Фанни Каплан

Для того, чтобы навести порядок в головах у миллионов - несколько сотен тысяч надо гильотинировать ... "
Из несказанного  Максимиллианом Робеспьером

Пропаганда - это оправдание лжи ... "
Из несказанного  Дмитрием Кисилевым

Цель оправдывает средства доставки ... "
Из несказанного  Гарри Трумэном

Цель коммунистов оправдать свои средства ... "
Из несказанного  Геннадием Зюгановым

Если министр пропаганды не оправдал мои цели и средства   -   значит он должен быть, как минимум, повешен ... "
Из несказанного  Адольфом Гитлером
 

Несказаницы. Что это ?
http://www.stihi.ru/2011/12/23/9481


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Цель оправдывает средства

Материал из Википедии — свободной энциклопедии

«Цель оправдывает средства» — крылатая фраза, якобы [1] изначально принадлежащая Никколо Макиавелли «Il fine giustifica i mezzi»

Утверждается и обратное, что эта фраза (лат. Finis sanctiflcat media) иезуитского казуистика Эскобар-и-Мендоза (Antonio Escobar у Mendoza (1589—1669)), вошла в книгу «Книга нравственного богословия» (лат. Liber theologiae moralis[2], 1644 г.), и стала девизом иезуитов «Общество Иисуса»[3]. Данное выражение встречается у ряда авторов:

У английского философа Томаса Гоббса
У немецкого богослова Германа Бузенбаума
Поскольку тому, кому отказывают в праве применять нужные средства, бесполезно и право стремиться к цели, то из этого следует, что раз всякий имеет право на самосохранение, то всякий имеет право применить все средства и совершить всякое деяние, без коих он не в состоянии сохранить себя.

— Томас Гоббс, «О гражданине» (1642)

Кому дозволена цель, тому дозволены и средства.

— Герман Бузенбаум «Основы морального богословия» (1645)

Французский математик и философ Блез Паскаль в своих «Письмах к провинциалу», разоблачая казуистику иезуитов, вложил в уста иезуита слова:

Мы исправляем порочность средств чистотою цели.

Мысли, схожие с идеей «цель оправдывает средства», высказывал итальянский писатель и политический деятель Никколо Макиавелли в сочинении «Государь» (1532)[4].


Примеры цитирования

Одни иезуиты утверждают, что всякое средство хорошо, лишь бы достигнуть цели. Неправда! Неправда! С ногами, осквернёнными грязью дороги, недостойно войти в чистый храм.

— И. С. Тургенев, «Переписка, 10»

И везде и всюду единственными стремлениями, которыми руководился молодой человек буржуазии, были деньги, жажда власти как средство для эксплуатации, для наживы. И в борьбе за это все средства были хороши. Подлость, предательство, а где и нож — всё пускалось в ход. Цель оправдывала средства.

— Н. А. Островский, «Мужество рождается в борьбе»

Фразы со схожим или противоположным смыслом

«Игра стоит свеч»
«Чтобы приготовить яичницу, нужно разбить яйца»
«Овчинка выделки не стоит»

См. также
Консеквенциализм
Ссылки
 Цель оправдывает средства
Liber theologiae moralis, viginti & quatuor Societatis Iesu doctoribus reseratus (Book, 1644) [WorldCat.org]
Великович, Лазарь Наумович, «Чёрная гвардия Ватикана». М., Мысль, 1985
Baechmann, Gefluegelte Worte
Источник —
Категория: Крылатые выражения

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The end justifies the means
__________________________________

Morally wrong actions are sometimes necessary to achieve morally right outcomes; actions can only be considered morally right or wrong by virtue of the morality of the outcome

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The end justifies the means.

Prov. You can use bad or immoral methods as long as you accomplish something good by using them. (Not everyone agrees with this idea.)

Lucy got money for the orphanage by embezzling it from the firm where she worked. "The end justifies the means," she told herself. The politician clearly believed that the end justifies the means, since he used all kinds of nefarious means to get elected.
See also: end, justify, mean
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of American Idioms and Phrasal Verbs. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

The end justifies the means.

something that you say which means that in order to achieve an important aim, it is acceptable to do something bad


Unfortunately, we'll have to cut down the forest to make space for the golf course, but I feel the end justifies the means.

See also: end, justify, mean

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Consequentialism is the class of normative ethical theories holding that the consequences of one's conduct are the ultimate basis for any judgment about the rightness or wrongness of that conduct. Thus, from a consequentialist standpoint, a morally right act (or omission from acting) is one that will produce a good outcome, or consequence. In an extreme form, the idea of consequentialism is commonly encapsulated in the English saying, "the ends justify the means",[1] meaning that if a goal is morally important enough, any method of achieving it is acceptable.[2]

Consequentialism is usually distinguished from deontological ethics (or deontology), in that deontology derives the rightness or wrongness of one's conduct from the character of the behaviour itself rather than the outcomes of the conduct. It is also distinguished from virtue ethics, which focuses on the character of the agent rather than on the nature or consequences of the act (or omission) itself, and pragmatic ethics which treats morality like science: advancing socially over the course of many lifetimes, such that any moral criterion is subject to revision. Consequentialist theories differ in how they define moral goods.

Some argue that consequentialist and deontological theories are not necessarily mutually exclusive. For example, T.M. Scanlon advances the idea that human rights, which are commonly considered a "deontological" concept, can only be justified with reference to the consequences of having those rights.[3] Similarly, Robert Nozick argues for a theory that is mostly consequentialist, but incorporates inviolable "side-constraints" which restrict the sort of actions agents are permitted to do.[3]


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Question: "Do the ends justify the means?"

Answer: The answer to this question depends on what the ends or goals are and what means are being used to achieve them. If the goals are good and noble, and the means we use to achieve them are also good and noble, then yes, the ends do justify the means. But that’s not what most people mean when they use the expression. Most use it as an excuse to achieve their goals through any means necessary, no matter how immoral, illegal or unpleasant the means may be. What the expression usually means is something like “It doesn’t matter how you get what you want as long as you get it.”

The “ends justifying the means” usually involves doing something wrong to achieve a positive end and justifying the wrongdoing by pointing to a good outcome. An example would be lying on a resume to get a good job and justifying the lie by saying the larger income will enable the liar to provide more adequately for his family. Another might be justifying the abortion of a baby to save the life of the mother. Lying and taking an innocent life are both morally wrong, but providing for one’s family and saving the life of a woman are morally right. Where, then, does one draw the line?

The ends/means dilemma is a popular scenario in ethics discussions. Usually, the question goes something like this: “If you could save the world by killing someone, would you do it?” If the answer is “yes,” then a morally right outcome justifies the use of immoral means to achieve it. But there are three different things to consider in such a situation: the morality of the action, the morality of the outcome, and the morality of the person performing the action. In this situation, the action (murder) is clearly immoral and so is the murderer. But saving the world is a good and moral outcome. Or is it? What kind of world is being saved if murderers are allowed to decide when and if murder is justified and then go free? Or does the murderer face punishment for his crime in the world that he has saved? And would the world that was saved be justified in taking the life of the one who had just saved them?

From a biblical standpoint, of course, what is missing from this discussion is the character of God, God’s law, and the providence of God. Because we know that God is good, holy, just, merciful and righteous, those who bear His name are to reflect His character (1 Peter 1:15-16). Murder, lying, theft, and all manner of sinful behaviors are the expression of man’s sin nature, not the nature of God. For the Christian whose nature has been transformed by Christ (2 Corinthians 5:17), there is no justifying immoral behavior, no matter the motivation for it or the outcome of it. From this holy and perfect God, we get a law that reflects His attributes (Psalm 19:7; Romans 7:12). The Ten Commandments make it clear that murder, adultery, stealing, lying and greed are unacceptable in God’s eyes and He makes no "escape clause" for motivation or rationalization. Notice that He doesn’t say, “Don’t murder unless by doing so you will save a life.” This is called "situational ethics," and there is no room for it in God’s law. So, clearly, from God’s perspective there are no ends that justify the means of breaking His law.

Also missing in the ends/means ethics discussion is an understanding of the providence of God. God did not simply create the world, populate it with people, and then leave them to muddle through on their own with no oversight from Him. Rather, God has a plan and purpose for mankind which He has been bringing to pass through the centuries. Every decision made by every person in history has been supernaturally applied to that plan. He states this truth unequivocally: “I make known the end from the beginning, from ancient times, what is still to come. I say: My purpose will stand, and I will do all that I please. From the east I summon a bird of prey; from a far-off land, a man to fulfill my purpose. What I have said, that will I bring about; what I have planned, that will I do” (Isaiah 46:10-11). God is intimately involved in and in control over His creation. Furthermore, He states that He works all things together for good for those who love Him and are called according to His purpose (Romans 8:28). A Christian who lies on a resume or aborts a baby would be violating God’s law and denying His ability to provide for a family and preserve a mother’s life if He purposes to do so.

Those who do not know God may be forced to justify their means to an end, but those who claim to be children of God have no reason whatsoever to break one of God’s commandments, deny His sovereign purpose, or bring reproach to His Name.

Recommended Resources: Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview by William Lane Craig & J.P. Moreland and Logos Bible Software.


Read more:

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you've got to crack a few eggs to make an omelette

Etymology 1796, from French, on ne saurait faire d'omelette sans casser des ;ufs (1740s), proximately due to usage during French Revolution, such as by Fran;ois de Charette.[1]

Proverb

you can't make an omelette without breaking eggs

In order to achieve something, it is inevitable and necessary that something should be destroyed.
1796, Walker's Hibernian Magazine:[1]
It was remarked to him that he had caused the death of a great many persons. Yes, he replied, omlets are not made without breaking eggs.
Translations
]you've got to crack a few eggs to make an omelette — see you've got to crack a few eggs to make an omelette

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Der Zweck heiligt die Mittel
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dict.cc:  Der Zweck ist das Wichtige, und nicht, welche Mittel man dafuer eingesetzt hat; Auf das Ergebnis kommt es an, nicht, auf welchem Wege man es erreicht hat; Um etwas Gutes zu erreichen, darf man auch etwas Schlechtes tun.


Der Erfolg heiligt die Mittel
dict.cc:  Der Erfolg ist das Wichtige, und nicht, welche Mittel man dafuer eingesetzt hat; Auf das Ergebnis kommt es an, nicht, auf welchem Wege man es erreicht hat; Um Erfolg zu haben, darf man auch etwas Schlechtes tun 

Mittel zum Zweck sein
 
dict.cc:  zweckmaessig eingesetztes Instrument / Werkzeug sein 

Ziel und Zweck
dict.cc:  Absicht und Grund f;r eine Handlung 

Mittel und Wege finden / suchen

dict.cc:  einen Ausweg / eine Moeglichkeit / eine Loesung eines Problems finden / suchen